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ap biology > Units 6 > Flashcards

Units 6 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

DNA

A

double helix structure composed of two strands held together by hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases. stores genetic information

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2
Q

RNA

A

single stranded structure that uses uracil instead of thymine, exists for a short amount of time and is used for transcription

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3
Q

purines

A

adenine and guanine, double ring structure

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4
Q

pyrimidines

A

thymine, uracil, cytosine, single ring structure

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5
Q

nucleosomes

A

dna wrapped around histomes that pack into chromatin fibers

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6
Q

exons

A

coding regions with genetic data

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7
Q

introns

A

noncoding regions that separate exons

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8
Q

linear chromosomes

A

chromosomes that use histomes to pack themselves

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9
Q

circular chromosomes

A

smaller prokaryotes

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10
Q

plasmids

A

small, circular units of dna, chunk of dna that can hold as little as one gene, double stranded

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11
Q

bacterial conjugation

A

bacteria exchange (donate plasmids), plasmid is replicated and sent through channel

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12
Q

prokaryotic dna

A

1 circular chromosome (like string), plasmid, smaller genome, no organelle dna

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13
Q

eukaryotes

A

many linear chromosomes, limited plasmid, larger genome, organelle dna

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14
Q

conservative theory of replication

A

would happen if both strands of dna molecule stayed bonded and intact while serving as a template for an identical molecule

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15
Q

semiconservative theory of replication ***

A

two original strands separate and each serves as a template for a new strand

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16
Q

dispersive theory of replication

A

original strand is cut every ten nucleotides to prevent tangling

17
Q

helicase

A

ATP powered enzyme that pushes apart the two strands of DNA, regions of helicase interact with nucleotide bases and destabilizes the hydrogen bonds… “unzipping”

18
Q

topoisomerase

A

prevents supercoiling by changing 3d shape of DNA, it relieves contortions by cutting sugar phosphate backbone –> contortion unwinds, then topo reconnects strands to original position AT THE REPLICATION FORK

19
Q

primase

A

adds an RNA primer to exposed strand, giving DNA polymerase an exposed 3’ hydroxyl group that it can add nucleotides to

20
Q

DNA polymerase

A

ensures base pairing occurs between free nucleotide and template, then it catalyzed formation of phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides CAN ONLY ADD 5’ TO 3’ but attatches to 3’ end of the original strand

21
Q

leading versus lagging strand

A

leading strand can have nucleotides added continously while lagging has to attatch to newly opened template strands

22
Q

okazaki fragments

A

gaps on lagging strand

23
Q

RNAse

A

breaks down RNA primers

24
Q

ligase

A

fills in gaps on lagging strand

25
Q

false positive

A

incorrect detection of viral presence, prevented by control sample

26
Q

false negative

A

incorrect indication that virus is not present, prevented by amplifying the sequences of DNA

27
Q

why do viruses mutate

A

there are a lot of them, quick replication cycle, large scale replication, error frequency

28
Q

nucleic acid detection test order

A

collect sample, DNA extraction, reverse transcriptase to convert RNA to DNA, PCR to amplify gene segment, detect with electrophoresis

29
Q

steps of electrophoresis

A

prepare gel and use comb to make wells, place tray into chamber and cover with aquous buffer solution, load sample into wells, put on lid and connect to power supply (DNA HAS NEGATIVE CHARGE), stain and analyze gel, create standard curve to derermine size of your fragments

30
Q

centrifuge

A

uses centrifugal force to separate liquid and solid

31
Q

pellet

A

stuff at the bottom

32
Q

supernatent

A

liquid on top

33
Q

why do smaller dna fragments move further

A

they slip through the pores in the agarose easily

ap biology (12 decks)

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