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AP Biology > unit 8 > Flashcards

unit 8 Flashcards

1
Q

how do organisms respond to the environment?

A

through behavioral and physiological mechanisms

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2
Q

stimulus

A

internal/external signal that causes response in organism

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3
Q

signaling behavior

A

communication can change the behavior of organisms and cause differences in reproductive success.

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4
Q

communication mechanisms

A

visual
audible
tactile
electrical
chemical signals

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5
Q

uses of communication mechanisms

A

indicate dominance
find food
establish territory
ensure reproductive success

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6
Q

innate behaviors

A

genetically controlled

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7
Q

learned behaviors

A

developed from exeriences

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8
Q

cooporative behaviors

A

Same species teamwork that inc fitness and survival of population.

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9
Q

examples of cooporative behaviors

A

aposemetism (discourage predation), scent markings by mammals

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10
Q

endotherms

A

use thermal energy generated by metabolism to maintain homeostatic body temperatures

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11
Q

endothermic mechanisms

A

change HR, fat storage, muscular contractions (shivering)

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12
Q

ectotherms

A

lack efficient internal mechanisms to regulate temp, so rely on behaviors

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13
Q

ectotherms mechanisms

A

moving in or out of the sun

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14
Q

there is a relationship between metabolic rate per unit of body mass and

A

size of multicellular organisms

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15
Q

metabolic rate

A

amount of energy to be expended by an animal over a specific amount of time

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16
Q

net gain in energy

A

energy storage/growth

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17
Q

net loss in energy

A

loss in mass and possibly deat

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18
Q

the smaller the organism the ___ metabolic rate

A

higher

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19
Q

reproduction strategies in response to energy availability

A

producing a lot of offspring at once
- less energy effecient
-common in unstable environments
producing few offspring at once
- more energy effecient
- more common in stable environments

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20
Q

changes in energy resources and producer level can affect

A

number and size of trophic levels

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21
Q

trophic level

A

position an organism occupies on a food chain

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22
Q

food chain

A

shows ONE path of energy

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23
Q

food webs

A

shows many transfers of energy between trophic levels (everything is connected)

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24
Q

inefficiency limits and population size ____ as you go up trophic levels

A

decrease

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25
Q

autotrophs

A

organisms that capture energy from physical or chemical sources in the environment, like the sun in photosynthesis

26
Q

chemosynthetic organisms

A

capture energy from small inorganic molecules in the environment with or without oxygen

27
Q

heterotrophs

A

capture energy present in carbon components produces by other organisms
metabolize carbs, lipids, proteins as energy sources through hydrolysis

28
Q

less food available =

A

less energy, low repro, offspring survival decrease

29
Q

more food available =

A

reproduction increase population increase

30
Q

factors that affect population growth

A

age at reproductive maturity
number of offspring produces
reproduction frequency
offspring survivability

31
Q

reproduction without constraints leads to

A

sharp increase in population growth

32
Q

exponential growth occurs when

A

abundant resources + number of offspring in each generation incs

33
Q

population density

A

how close individuals within a population live to each other

34
Q

factor that affect population density

A

resource availability

35
Q

abundance of food =

A

dense pop, high repro, limited space

36
Q

density dependent factors

A

abiotic or biotic factors whose effect on the population depends on density
ex:
cometition for resources
disease
predation

37
Q

density independent factors

A

abiotic or biotic factor that affect population size regardless of density
ex:
natural disasters

38
Q

logistic growth model

A

describes population growth that initially starts slowly, immediately followed by exponential growth, and ends with relatively stable max growth

S curve

39
Q

carrrying capacity

A

max # of individuals an environment can sustain
- density dependent and density independent factors can cause population ro reach carrying capacity

40
Q

limiting factors will…

A

bring population size back down if it exceeds carrying capacity, fluctuations can naturally occur near carrying capacity.

41
Q

ecosystem diversity is related to its ____ to changes in the environment

A

resilience

42
Q

diversity may impact the…

A

organization of an ecosystem
- env can be stabilized w more diversity and less vulnterability to drastic changes

43
Q

abiotic factors

A

climate, water, nutrient availability, light availability

44
Q

biotic factors

A

producers and dominant predators

45
Q

producers

A

many pop depend on them and they reduce erosion

46
Q

dominant predators

A

keep prey pop in control and have diversitfied diets

47
Q

keystone species are disproportion relative to their ____

A

abundance

48
Q

keystone species

A

species that community structure depends on, tend to have small population (over depletes resources)

49
Q

when a keystone species is removed…

A

community COLLLAPSES

50
Q

evolution is characterized by change in…

A

genetic makeup over time

51
Q

adaptations…

A

inc biodiversity, causes pop to evolve, and can lead to speciation

52
Q

invasive species affect

A

ecosystem dynamics, availability of resources, ecological changes

53
Q

invasive species

A

not native to specific area and harms the community

54
Q

invasive species exploit new niches

A

niche is free of predators or competitors
outcompetes other organisms for resources
population increases unchecked

55
Q

human activity that accelerates change on local and global levels

A

urbanization, deforestation, erosion, extinction, pollution,climate change

56
Q

things that accelerate evolution

A

repro isolation, new niches, change in selective advantage

57
Q

biographical studies illustrate the changes in

A

species distribution and biomes

58
Q

geological and meterological events…

A

caused 5 major extinctions

59
Q

el nino

A

phenomenon of changing in temperature of pacific ocean, impacts microscopic organisms (cytoplankton

60
Q

energy is lost from the system as

A

heat!

61
Q

10 percent law

A

when organisms are consumed approximately 10 percent of their energy is available to the next trophic level.

62
Q

limited energy leads organisms to

A

budget their energy~

AP Biology (12 decks)

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