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ap biology > Unit 5 Genetics > Flashcards

Unit 5 Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

fertilization

A

combines two haploid gamete cells into a new zygote

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2
Q

meiosis

A

reduces diploid cells back to haploid gametes so DNA can be combined into next generation of organisms

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3
Q

meiosis 1st division

A

homologs seperate, reductional division where 4c reduces to 2c, crossing over takes place

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4
Q

meiosis 2nd division

A

sister chromatids seperate, equational division

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5
Q

ploidy

A

genetic content (n) or number of chromosome copies (c)

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6
Q

reductionol division

A

decreases the genetic content

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7
Q

equational division

A

separates sister chromatids

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8
Q

crossing over

A

in prophase I, parts of each sister chromatid swap places to increase genetic variation

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9
Q

interkenisis

A

cell rests, reestablishes energy stores and organizes chromosomes, no DNA replication

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10
Q

prophase 2

A

spindle fibers drag chromosomes to center of cell

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11
Q

metaphase 2

A

duplicated sister chromatids are separated

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12
Q

anaphase 2

A

full separation of sister chromatids

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13
Q

segregation

A

maternal and paternal alleles for a gene are segregated into different gametes

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14
Q

why is genetic variation important?

A

to face changing environmental conditions

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15
Q

independent assortment

A

different genes for different traits are inherited independently of one another (unless they are located close to each other on the same chromosome)

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16
Q

synapsis

A

as homologous chromosomes are condensed and collected they are temporarily bound by synaptimal complex

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17
Q

law of dominance

A

certain alleles can mask the presence of others

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18
Q

law of segregation

A

parental genes are randomly separated, offspring inherit one genetic allele from each parent

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19
Q

law of independent assortment

A

alleles for different genes are inherited independently from one another (exception is linked genes)

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20
Q

punnet square

A

table used to predict outcome of a genetic cross

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21
Q

genetypic ratio

A

alleles ratios (ex: PP-1 Pp-2 pp-1)

22
Q

phenotypic ratio

A

characteristic ratio (ex: 3 purple flowers, 1 white)

23
Q

genotype

A

combination of letters, genetic makeup

24
Q

phenotype

A

the way the trait appears, physical characteristic

25
Q

addition rule

A

add or subtract the probability of one event happening over the other (either/or)

26
Q

multiplication rule

A

multiply probability of two events to calculate the probability of them happening at the same time

27
Q

mitochondrial dna

A

from mother only

28
Q

nonmendalian genetics

A

study of traits and genes that are not inherited in line of mendel’s law

29
Q

incomplete dominance

A

when a heterozygote for a particular trait is a mix of homozygous phenotypes (hybrid doesn’t resemble either parent, ex: red and white flower produce pink)

30
Q

codominant traits

A

heterozygote shows both phenotypes (ex: AB blood type)

31
Q

linked genes

A

when two genes are not inherited independently because they are located on the same chromosome

32
Q

polygenic traits

A

traits controlled by more than one gene (ex: skin color)

33
Q

pleiotropy

A

when one gene controls multiple, seemingly unrelated traits

34
Q

lethal allele

A

an allele that causes death when inherited

35
Q

sex-linked traits

A

traits related to genes on sex chromosomes

36
Q

nonnuclear inheritance

A

DNA found in chloroplast and mitrochondria

37
Q

recombinant frequency

A

recominants/total offspring x 100 = RF

38
Q

environmental affects on phenotype

A

food/nutrients, soil pH (phenotypic plasticity with hydrengaes)

39
Q

phenotypic plasticity

A

signals in the environment that change gene expression, environmentally driven variations have evolutionary advantage

40
Q

fruit fly experiments

A

discovered recessive problems on X chromosomes with fly’s eye color

41
Q

heredity

A

transmission of traits from one generation to the next

42
Q

somatic cells

A

all cells in the body minus reproductive cells

43
Q

locus

A

a gene’s specific location along the length of a chromosome

44
Q

asexual reproduction

A

single individual is the sole parent, passes identical DNA to offspring and gives rise to clone

45
Q

karyotype

A

ordered display of chromosomes by length

46
Q

autosomes

A

chromosomes that aren’t sex chromosomes

47
Q

diploid cell

A

cell with two chromosome sets (maternal and paternal) 2n

48
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

2 chromosomes of a pair with the same length, staining pattern, and centromere position

49
Q

chiasma

A

hold homologs together as spindle fibers for the 1st meiototic division

50
Q

hybridization

A

crossing of two true breeding varieties (creating hybrids)

51
Q

test cross

A

breeding an organism of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive to reveal organism’s genotype

ap biology (12 decks)

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