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AP Biology > unit 7 part 2 (7.6-7.13) > Flashcards

unit 7 part 2 (7.6-7.13) Flashcards

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1
Q

geographical evidence of evolution

A

characteristics of habitat or land area

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2
Q

geological evidence of evolution

A

environmental features of the earth over time (ex: fossils)

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3
Q

fossils

A

preserved remains, impressions, and traces of living organisms that document patterns of evolution and changes in the environment

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4
Q

physical evidence of evolution

A

based on phenotypes

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5
Q

biochemical evidence of evolution

A

based on the chemical composition of living things (comparison of biomolecules like DNA + proteins), comparison of DNA nucleotide sequences, protein sequences

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6
Q

mathematical evidence of evolution

A

based on calculations and statistics (models and stimulations)

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7
Q

fossils can be dated by…

A

age of rocks where fossil is found, rate of decay of isotopes inc carbon-14, geographical data

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8
Q

morphological homologies

A

represent modified traits shared among different species (homologous and vestigal structures)

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9
Q

homologous structure

A

variation in a structure that was present in a common ancestor

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10
Q

vestigial structure

A

reduced or obsolete features that serve little or no purpose for organism (remnants of ancestral feature)

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11
Q

analogous structure

A

evolved independently in different species due to similar environmental conditions and selective pressures

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12
Q

common molecular features across species

A

DNA+RNA are carriers of DNA and have universal processes
Major part of genetic code is shared
metabolic pathways (glycolysis)

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13
Q

genetic info in euk

A

multiple linear chromosomes, tightly coiled DNA with histones, capped with telomeres, found in nucleus, large genome

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14
Q

mechanisms of genetic change

A

changes in DNA (mutations), cell division (sexual reproduction, independent assortment, crossing over), environmental disruptions (sudden changes, allele frq changes)

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15
Q

strata layers

A

arrange fossils in order they were deposited

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16
Q

bacteria species evolution

A

antibiotic resistance

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17
Q

pathogens

A

infectious agent that can produce a disease and evolve to cause emergent genomes (have high mutation rates and inc diversity)

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18
Q

scientific theory

A

explanation backed up by scientific evidence

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19
Q

scientific law

A

describes a natural phenomenon

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20
Q

geological evidence

A

fossil record, biogeograpy, transitional forms

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21
Q

morphological evidence

A

homologous structures, vestigal structures, embryological

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22
Q

biochemical evidence

A

conserved genes, conserved molecules, conserved processes

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23
Q

allen’s rule

A

warm blooded animal evolve to have smaller heat-losing appendages in cold conditions

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24
Q

species

A

group capable of inbreeding and exchanging genetic information to produce viable, fertile offspring

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25
Q

speciation

A

creation of new species, results in diversity of life forms

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26
Q

reproductive isolation

A

biological barriers that keep members of two species from interbreeding and producing fertile offspring

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27
Q

prezygotic barriers

A

prevent production of fertilized egg
habitat isolation, temporal isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation,gamete isolation

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28
Q

habitat isolation

A

species occupy different habitats and rarely come into contact

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29
Q

temporal isolation

A

species breed in different times of day, seasons, or years

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30
Q

behavioral isolation

A

species have different courtship behaviors or mating preferences

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31
Q

mechanical isolation

A

reproductive structural differences prevent successful mating/reproduction

32
Q

gamete isolation

A

sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize the eggs of another species

33
Q

postzygotic barrier

A

prevent zygote from developing into viable, fertile offspring

34
Q

hybrid inviability

A

mating results in zygote, but incompatibility may stop development of zygote

35
Q

hybrid sterility

A

hybrid offspring is produced but sterile (ex: mule)

36
Q

hybrid breakdown

A

1st gen are viable and fertile but resulting generations are feeble and sterile

37
Q

allosteric specieation

A

evolution of a new species due to geographic isolation for a long period of time (separations exposes populations to different selective pressures)

38
Q

sympatric speciation

A

evolution of a new species due to individuals being reproductively isolation from surviving ancestral population (no geo barrier, result in mutations (polyploidy)) can result in habitat differentiation and sexual selection

39
Q

punctuated equilibrium

A

evolution occurs rapidly after a long period of stasis, changes in ecological conditions are the stimulus for evolution

40
Q

gradualism

A

evolution gradually occurs over many (100s-1000s) years. ecological conditions change over a long period of time

41
Q

divergent evolution

A

adaptation to new habitats results in phenotypic diversification. speciation can be rapid during times of adaptive radiation as new habitats become available

speciation, common ancestry, homologous structure, descent with modification

42
Q

adaptive radiation

A

evolution of new species that allows empty ecological roles (niches) to be filled

43
Q

microevolution

A

changes in allele frequency over time in a population

44
Q

macroevolution

A

broad pattern of evolution above species level

45
Q

phylogenic tree / cladogram

A

branched diagram that shows evolutionary relationships amongst species (can be by fossils or molecule clock)

46
Q

what is shown in phylogenic trees + cladograms

A

SPECIATION, shared characteristics in lineage, derived characteristics, traits that are gained/lost, common ancestory

47
Q

outgroup

A

represents lineage of least closely related organism, used as reference of comaprison that shows how main group fits into evolutionary tree of life

48
Q

node

A

where two lines meet, common ancestor

49
Q

root

A

represents common ancestor of all species on the tree

50
Q

info used for phylogenic trees and cladograms

A

morphological similarities from living or fossil species OR DNA/protein sequence similarities (more accurate and reliable)

51
Q

derived characteristic

A

evolutionary novelty unique to a group of organisms with a shared ancestor (clade)
NOT present in outgroup

52
Q

difference between phylogenic tree and cladogram`

A

phylogenic tree- shows relationships and time through the length of branches, shows convergent evolution
cladogram- relationship but NOT time

53
Q

convergent evolution

A

two organisms arise with similar adaption but don’t have common ancestry. analogous structures (same in diff species because of similar selective pressures)

54
Q

maximized parsimony

A

which ever explanation required the least amount of random mutations is probably correct

55
Q

shared ancestral character

A

characteristic that originates in an ancestor, not unique to the clade

56
Q

molecular clock

A

measuring time of evolutionary change based on observation of other genomes in the region

57
Q

mutations happen at a

A

semi-regular rate, so we can calculate how long ago a species diverged

58
Q

extinction

A

disappearance of a species, such that no future genarations will naturally populate the earth
- part of the history of life, ongoing and can occur on small and large scale. a marker of geological time

59
Q

possible causes of extinction

A

times of ecological stress, catostrophic events, decreases in species diversity, human activity

60
Q

high biodiversity =

A

high speciation and low extinction… and vice versa

61
Q

niches

A

role of an organism plays within its environment (ex: producer, decomposer, etc)
extinction opens up niches, this can lead to speciation and adaptive radiation

62
Q

genetically diverse populations are…

A

more resilient to environmental change
adaptation variety inc chances a species can withstand pressures

63
Q

example of population resilience

A

antibiotic resitance

64
Q

origin of life geological evidence

A

age of the earth (4.6 bya), environment was too hostile for life until 3.9 bya, earliest fossil (3.5 bya)

65
Q

models about origin of life on earth

A

primitive earth provided inorganic precursors from which organic molecules could have synthesized

presence of free energy and absence of significant quality of atmospheric O2

organic molecules possible transported by celestial event

66
Q

what was probably the first genetic molecule

A

RNA

67
Q

experiments show about the prehistoric earth’s enviroment shows the

A

abiotic synthesis of macromolecules

68
Q

homology

A

similarity from common ancestory

69
Q

how old is the earth

A

4.6 bya

70
Q

when was the first traces of life

A

3.5 bya

71
Q

transitional forms

A

morphological structures that can be traced back to a common ancestor. overtime this form adapts to suit the species’ environment

72
Q

biogeography

A

where the fossils are found and what the environment is like in those places

73
Q

steps of the first cells

A

1) synthesize organic molecules
2) monomers join to form macromolecules
3) protocells (self assembly)
4) RNA world hypothesis for genome and protein replication (ribozymes!)

74
Q

domain bacteria and archae

A

single celled prokaryotes

75
Q

three domain system

A

domain euk, domain arch, domain bacteria

AP Biology (12 decks)

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