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AP Biology > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

signal transduction

A

process of a signal activating a certain response in another or the same cell

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2
Q

autocrine signal

A

chemical messages that affect the same cell they originated from

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3
Q

paracrine signal

A

chemical messages that affect local cells

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4
Q

endocrine signal

A

chemical messages that target cells over a long distance by traveling through the bloodstream

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5
Q

cell to cell contact

A

sending and receiving important information through direct contact (ex: signal to tell nearby cells to stop dividing)

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6
Q

local regulators

A

signals over small distances (ex: neurotransmitters)

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7
Q

endocrine system

A

coordinated activity of the body by releasing hormones that circulate blood stream to organs and tissues across the body (ex: pancreas, insulin and glucagon)

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8
Q

reception

A

protein receives signal (could be ligand or physical change)

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9
Q

transduction

A

transmission of signal throughout the cell through secondary messengers and proteins

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10
Q

response

A

action carried out because of the signal, depends on what the signal is, what kind of cell it is, and the external environment

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11
Q

what occurs when the protein binds to the ligand?

A

a conformational change that travels through hydrophobic part of membrane and into the cell (this starts transduction)

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12
Q

phosphorylation cascade

A

starts with the creation of a second messenger that activates thousands of enzymes throughout the cell

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13
Q

secondary messenger

A

spreads signal throughout the cell and activates enzymes leading to cellular response, non protein and water-soluble

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14
Q

what are the two types of receptors

A

membrane proteins and intercelluar proteins

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15
Q

g-protein coupled receptors (GPCR)

A

membrane bound protein that goes through membrane seven times and start the phosphorylation cascade

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16
Q

what is the function of protein kinases?

A

they transfer phosphates from ATP to a proteins to activate it

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17
Q

protein phosphatases

A

enzymes that remove phosphate from a protein to deactivate it

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18
Q

dimerization

A

when a growth factor binds to a cellular receptor domain

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19
Q

competitive inhibitors

A

block active site so substrate can’t enter

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20
Q

noncompetitive inhibitors

A

bind to another spot but prevent catalysis

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21
Q

uncompetitive inhibitors

A

bind to substrate enzyme complex

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22
Q

activators

A

activate pathway

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23
Q

interphase

A

the chromosomes duplicate and two centrosoles will organize the spindle fibers in preparation of chromosome seperation

24
Q

prophase

A

centrosoles migrate to opposite poles of cell, the nuclear envelope begins to break down and seek out the centrosomes of each chromosome

25
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes line up on metaphase plate where chromatids begin to separate

26
Q

anaphase

A

chromatids fully seperate into individual chromosomes and chomosomes are pulles to poles of cell, the chromosomes don’t rip apart, they walk away from each other

27
Q

telophase

A

nuclear envelope reforms around each nucleus and cleavage furrow begins to form and starts to pinch cell into two

28
Q

cytokenesis

A

full separation of cells, not a part of mitosis

29
Q

positive feedback mechanisms

A

process that starts or continues a cellular process

30
Q

negative feedback mechanisms

A

process that stops or slows a cellular process

31
Q

negative feedback system

A

operate to maintain a specific setpoint (ex: homeostasis)

32
Q

positive feedback system

A

employed when a process needs to proceed a certain threshold so a greater action can be employed (ex: childbirth)

33
Q

S Phase

A

synthesis phase, new strands of DNA are synthesized by DNA polymerase, DNA is being replicated

34
Q

G1 Phase

A

cell metabolizes energy and creates new protiens/lipids, growth

35
Q

G2 Phase

A

cell continues growing, replicates important organelles, and replicates other cellular components in preparation for division

36
Q

G0

A

cell isn’t working to grow or divide, just functioning (ex: nerve cells)

37
Q

Mitosis

A

cell separates DNA into two cells and process restarts

38
Q

binary fission

A

used by bacteria in order to divide

39
Q

meiosis

A

sexual reproduction, gametes must duplicate

40
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

cell checks if size is appropriate, if there is enough nutrients for both daughter cells, and checks DNA to make sure there there is no damage. If cell fails then it goes into G0, signals activate proteins that sens cascade

41
Q

G2 checkpoint

A

DNA replication has completed and checked for damage, if it passes the test it goes into mitosis and if it doesn’t then APOPTOSIS CELL DEATH. if the cell is okay then there is a chemical release to start mitosis.

42
Q

M checkpoint

A

during metaphase, ensures that chromosomes are equally divided and both cells have a full genetic code

43
Q

chromatin

A

loosely coiled/compacted (interphase = chromatin)

44
Q

chromosome

A

tightly coiled chromatins

45
Q

internal regulators

A

Cyclins, CDKs, and checkpoints

46
Q

external regulators

A

growth factor, density dependent, anchor dependent

47
Q

growth factor

A

protein that stimulates cells to divide (can be autocrine)

48
Q

density dependent

A

crowded cells stop dividing in healthy tissue

49
Q

anchorage dependent

A

healthy cells must be attached to a substratum to divide

50
Q

pro-oncogenes code

A

code for proteins that stimulates normal cell growth and division “the gas”

51
Q

oncogenes

A

cancer causing genes

52
Q

2 types of genes associated with cancer genetics

A

tumor suppressor genes and pro-oncogenes

53
Q

tumor suppressor genes

A

encode proteins that inhibit abnormal cell divisions, “the break”

54
Q

p53 gene

A

encodes of tumor suppressor gene, “guardian angel”, it’s the spell check of DNA and pauses to see if cell should correct mistakes or apoptosis.

55
Q

cyclins

A

group of related proteins that progress the cell cycle, they vary in concentration based on cell’s phase

56
Q

CDK

A

enzymes involved in cell cycle regulation that require cyclin binding for activation, they phosphorylate substrates and promote certain cell activities.

AP Biology (12 decks)

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