unit 1 & 2 =ap exam Flashcards
carbon
makes compounds organic, makes up all living things, very versatile as it can make up to 4 covalent bonds
proteins
contains R group, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon
oriented as a polypeptide chain
carbohydrates
sugars (hexagon shape), has carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
nucleic acids
composed of nitrogenous bases, sugar, and phosphate backbone
hexagon shape, has phosphorus, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon
lipids
rows of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sometimes phosphorus, NOT true polymer
dehydration synthesis
two monomers bind through loss of H2O molecule
hydration reaction
two monomers break apart through addition of H2O molecule
water
polar molecule (electronegative oxygen), universal solvant, easy cohesion
xylem
tubes in plant that transport water through capillary action
adhesion
substance’s ability to stick to other substances
cohesion
substance’s ability to stick to itself
surface tension
property allowing liquid to resist external force
specific heat
amount of heat needed to heat 1 gram by 1 degree celcius
when water is frozen it is
less dense than liquid form because hydrogen bonds solidify
monsaccharides
sugar that is multiple of CH2O (glucose, fructose, sucrose, galactose)
disaccharide
two monosaccharides joined together by hydration synthesis
polysachharide
multiple monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic linkage
a linkages
enzymes CAN hydrolize
b linkages
enzymes CANNOT hydrolize (ex: cellulose)
chitin
structural polysaccharide in exoskeletons
hydrocarbons
organic lipids made of hydrogen and carbon (duh)
3 main types of lipids
fats, phospholipids, steroids
fats
made of glycerol and fatty acids
ester linkage
bond between glycerol and fatty acids
saturated fat
max hydrogen bonds
unsaturated fat
one or more double bonds
phospholipids
2 fatty acids and phosphate attached to a glycerol, have hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
steroids
carbon skeleton with 4 fused rings
peptide bonds
link amino acids
factors that affect conformation
pH, salt concentration, temperature
nitrogenous base bonding
C & G have 3 bonds
A & T have 2 bonds
phosphodiester bonds
covalent bonds between nucliec acids
nucleus
surrounded by envelope, contains chromatin
nucleuolus
dense mass in nucleus, site of ribosomal synthesis
Ribosomes
location of protein synthesis, 2 subunits, can be free or studded
rough er
networks of cisternae (sacs and tubules), embedded with ribosomes, site of protein folding and modification, forms glycoproteins, transport vesicles break off
smooth er
lipid synthesis, drug/poison detox, stores calcium ions
golgi apparatus
UPS (ship and pack proteins), vesicles arrive at cis site and leave at trans
lysosomes
sacs of enzymes that digests things and recycles cell storage
vacuoles
membrane bound storage sac, different types (food, storage, contractile)
mitrochondria
site of cell respiration, has two membranes (partition cisternae and matrix) and own DNA
chloroplast
2 membranes and own DNA, stroma, thykloids, granum
cytoskeleton
mobility, support, and regulation
components large to small:
microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments
extracellular matrix
surrounds cells, glycoproteins (collagen) form strong fibers
plasmodesmata`
pores in cell walls that connect cells and allow transport between them
surface area: volume ratio
measures cell effeciency, smaller = higher SA:V
phospholipid bilayer
amphipathetic (hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail)
cholesterol
regulates cell membrane viscocity (colder temp= prevent hardening, warmer temp= prevent runniness)
peripheral proteins
on outside edge of membrane, hydrophilic
integral protein
embedded into membrane, hydrophobic regions,
functions: cell to cell interactions, enzyme activity, STP, intercellular joining
cytoskeleton filaments
give structure and attach proteins
protein channel
allow large and polar molecules to pass through membrane
glycolipid
stability and aids in cell to cell communication
glycoprotein
adheres to outside of membrane, aids in cell to cell communications
water potential
number that helps us predict which way water will travel across membrane
water always move from HIGH to LOW potential
water moves where SOLUTES are
pressure potential
is 0 in an open container, can be + or -
solute potential
0 for pure water, calculated by solutes
osmosis
movement of water across semipermeable membrane, affected by concentration of substances
concentration gradient
high to low, if a molecule needs to move against it needs ATP or energy
diffusion
tendency for molecules to scatter evenly in available space
passive transport
diffusion and facilitated diffusion (channel and carrier)
simple diffusion
small, nonpolar molecules slip through phospholipid bilayer
channel protein
large and polar molecules move with concentration gradient through integral channel protein
carrier protein
large and polar molecules bind to carrier proteins which go through conformational change and release it into the cell membrane
active transport
energy and ATP used to force molecules against the gradient
exocytosis
transport vesicles migrate to membrane and fuse to it, then eject contents out of the membrane
endocytosis
membrans envelopes contents and brings it into the cell as vesicle
prokaryotes
small, simple, unicellular, bacteria
eukaryotes
large, complex, multicellular, plants, animals, fungi, protists
ALL CELLS HAVE
membrane, ribosomes, genetic material and cytoplasm
compartmentalization
increase effeciency by increasing surface area
endosymbiosis
theory that mitrochondria and chloroplasts were prokaryotes that were absorbed by other cells and then began to function and help cell.
evidence of endosymbiosis
mitrochondria and chloroplast size, double membranes, own DNA, binary fission, own ribosomes
