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AP Biology > unit 1 & 2 =ap exam > Flashcards

unit 1 & 2 =ap exam Flashcards

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1
Q

carbon

A

makes compounds organic, makes up all living things, very versatile as it can make up to 4 covalent bonds

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2
Q

proteins

A

contains R group, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon
oriented as a polypeptide chain

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3
Q

carbohydrates

A

sugars (hexagon shape), has carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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4
Q

nucleic acids

A

composed of nitrogenous bases, sugar, and phosphate backbone
hexagon shape, has phosphorus, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon

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5
Q

lipids

A

rows of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sometimes phosphorus, NOT true polymer

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6
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

two monomers bind through loss of H2O molecule

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7
Q

hydration reaction

A

two monomers break apart through addition of H2O molecule

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8
Q

water

A

polar molecule (electronegative oxygen), universal solvant, easy cohesion

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9
Q

xylem

A

tubes in plant that transport water through capillary action

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10
Q

adhesion

A

substance’s ability to stick to other substances

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11
Q

cohesion

A

substance’s ability to stick to itself

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12
Q

surface tension

A

property allowing liquid to resist external force

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13
Q

specific heat

A

amount of heat needed to heat 1 gram by 1 degree celcius

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14
Q

when water is frozen it is

A

less dense than liquid form because hydrogen bonds solidify

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15
Q

monsaccharides

A

sugar that is multiple of CH2O (glucose, fructose, sucrose, galactose)

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16
Q

disaccharide

A

two monosaccharides joined together by hydration synthesis

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17
Q

polysachharide

A

multiple monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic linkage

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18
Q

a linkages

A

enzymes CAN hydrolize

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19
Q

b linkages

A

enzymes CANNOT hydrolize (ex: cellulose)

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20
Q

chitin

A

structural polysaccharide in exoskeletons

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21
Q

hydrocarbons

A

organic lipids made of hydrogen and carbon (duh)

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22
Q

3 main types of lipids

A

fats, phospholipids, steroids

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23
Q

fats

A

made of glycerol and fatty acids

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24
Q

ester linkage

A

bond between glycerol and fatty acids

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25
Q

saturated fat

A

max hydrogen bonds

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26
Q

unsaturated fat

A

one or more double bonds

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27
Q

phospholipids

A

2 fatty acids and phosphate attached to a glycerol, have hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

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28
Q

steroids

A

carbon skeleton with 4 fused rings

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29
Q

peptide bonds

A

link amino acids

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30
Q

factors that affect conformation

A

pH, salt concentration, temperature

31
Q

nitrogenous base bonding

A

C & G have 3 bonds
A & T have 2 bonds

32
Q

phosphodiester bonds

A

covalent bonds between nucliec acids

33
Q

nucleus

A

surrounded by envelope, contains chromatin

34
Q

nucleuolus

A

dense mass in nucleus, site of ribosomal synthesis

35
Q

Ribosomes

A

location of protein synthesis, 2 subunits, can be free or studded

36
Q

rough er

A

networks of cisternae (sacs and tubules), embedded with ribosomes, site of protein folding and modification, forms glycoproteins, transport vesicles break off

37
Q

smooth er

A

lipid synthesis, drug/poison detox, stores calcium ions

38
Q

golgi apparatus

A

UPS (ship and pack proteins), vesicles arrive at cis site and leave at trans

39
Q

lysosomes

A

sacs of enzymes that digests things and recycles cell storage

40
Q

vacuoles

A

membrane bound storage sac, different types (food, storage, contractile)

41
Q

mitrochondria

A

site of cell respiration, has two membranes (partition cisternae and matrix) and own DNA

42
Q

chloroplast

A

2 membranes and own DNA, stroma, thykloids, granum

43
Q

cytoskeleton

A

mobility, support, and regulation

components large to small:
microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments

44
Q

extracellular matrix

A

surrounds cells, glycoproteins (collagen) form strong fibers

45
Q

plasmodesmata`

A

pores in cell walls that connect cells and allow transport between them

46
Q

surface area: volume ratio

A

measures cell effeciency, smaller = higher SA:V

47
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

amphipathetic (hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail)

48
Q

cholesterol

A

regulates cell membrane viscocity (colder temp= prevent hardening, warmer temp= prevent runniness)

49
Q

peripheral proteins

A

on outside edge of membrane, hydrophilic

50
Q

integral protein

A

embedded into membrane, hydrophobic regions,

functions: cell to cell interactions, enzyme activity, STP, intercellular joining

51
Q

cytoskeleton filaments

A

give structure and attach proteins

52
Q

protein channel

A

allow large and polar molecules to pass through membrane

53
Q

glycolipid

A

stability and aids in cell to cell communication

54
Q

glycoprotein

A

adheres to outside of membrane, aids in cell to cell communications

55
Q

water potential

A

number that helps us predict which way water will travel across membrane

water always move from HIGH to LOW potential
water moves where SOLUTES are

56
Q

pressure potential

A

is 0 in an open container, can be + or -

57
Q

solute potential

A

0 for pure water, calculated by solutes

58
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water across semipermeable membrane, affected by concentration of substances

59
Q

concentration gradient

A

high to low, if a molecule needs to move against it needs ATP or energy

60
Q

diffusion

A

tendency for molecules to scatter evenly in available space

61
Q

passive transport

A

diffusion and facilitated diffusion (channel and carrier)

62
Q

simple diffusion

A

small, nonpolar molecules slip through phospholipid bilayer

63
Q

channel protein

A

large and polar molecules move with concentration gradient through integral channel protein

64
Q

carrier protein

A

large and polar molecules bind to carrier proteins which go through conformational change and release it into the cell membrane

65
Q

active transport

A

energy and ATP used to force molecules against the gradient

66
Q

exocytosis

A

transport vesicles migrate to membrane and fuse to it, then eject contents out of the membrane

67
Q

endocytosis

A

membrans envelopes contents and brings it into the cell as vesicle

68
Q

prokaryotes

A

small, simple, unicellular, bacteria

69
Q

eukaryotes

A

large, complex, multicellular, plants, animals, fungi, protists

70
Q

ALL CELLS HAVE

A

membrane, ribosomes, genetic material and cytoplasm

71
Q

compartmentalization

A

increase effeciency by increasing surface area

72
Q

endosymbiosis

A

theory that mitrochondria and chloroplasts were prokaryotes that were absorbed by other cells and then began to function and help cell.

73
Q

evidence of endosymbiosis

A

mitrochondria and chloroplast size, double membranes, own DNA, binary fission, own ribosomes

AP Biology (12 decks)

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