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Spinal TRI 2 > Units 1 Osteology, 2 Skeleton > Flashcards

Units 1 Osteology, 2 Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four basic tissues of the human body?

A

Epithelial, neural, muscle, and connective tissue.

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2
Q

Name the 3 primary cells types of bone and their function.

A

Osteoclast— Remodel bone,
Osteoblast—- Form bone.
Osteocyte—- Maintain or nurture bone.

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3
Q

What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?

A

Glycosaminoglycans (GAG)

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4
Q

What is the principal type of protein fiber in bone?

A

Collagen type 1.

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5
Q

What are the types of GAG found in bone?

A

Chondroitin Sulfate, Keratin Sulfate, and Hyaluronic acid.

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6
Q

What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?

A

Hydroxyapatite

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7
Q

Bone is also the repository for what additional ions?

A

Sodium, Magnesium, Fluoride, Lead, Strontium and Radium.

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8
Q

What three responses of “living” bone were stressed in class?

A

Ability to heal.
Can remodel under stressors like anxiety, tension, and pressure.
Ages.

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9
Q

Bone is the embryological derivative of which specific connective tissues?

A

Mesenchyme and/or Cartilage.

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10
Q

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?

A

Intramembranous ossification.

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11
Q

What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?

A

in utero 2-3 months

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12
Q

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?

A

Endochondral ossification

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13
Q

What is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?

A

in utero 2-5 months.

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14
Q

Which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

A

Mandible
Sphenoid
Temporal
Occipital

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15
Q

Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

A

Clavicle

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16
Q

What are the names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance?

A

Primary Ossification: Appears BEFORE birth.

Secondary Ossification: Appears AFTER birth.

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17
Q

Mature bone is described as being composed of what areas based on bone density?

A

Cortical or Compact bone and Spongy, Cancellous or Trabecular bone.

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18
Q

What is the name of the bone below an articulating surface?

A

Subchondral bone

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19
Q

What is the name of the outer fibro-cellular covering of bone?

A

Periosteum.

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20
Q

What is the name given to the fibro-cellular lining of bone?

A

Endosteum.

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21
Q

What are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?

A

Sexual Dimorphism
Ontogenetic Variation
Geographic or population based variation.
Idiosyncratic Variation.

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22
Q

What is the more vague terms for the primary sources of variation of bone?

A

Gender Variation.
Growth or age Variation.
Ethnic Variation.
Individual Variation.

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23
Q

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on male and female variation is identified as which type of variation?

A

Sexual Dimorphism

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24
Q

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on age or developmental variation is identified as which type of variation?

A

Ontogenetic Variation

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25
Q

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on ethnicity or locational variation is identified as what?

A

Geographic or Population based Variation

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26
Q

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on the uniqueness between individuals as identified as which type of variation?

A

Idiosyncratic Variation.

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27
Q

Which classifications of bone are characteristic of the appendicular skeleton

A

Long bones,
Short Bones,
Sesamoid Bones

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28
Q

Name the six classifications of bone commonly used.

A 
Long Bone,
Short Bone,
Flat Bone,
Irregular Bone.
Paranasal sinus,
Pneumatic Bones and Sesamoid bones
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29
Q

What are examples of short bones?

A

Most of the Carpus and tarsus.

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30
Q

What is the characteristic of sesamoid bone?

A

It develops within a Tendon.

31
Q

What is an example of a sesamoid bone besides the patella?

A

Pisiform.

32
Q

Which classifications of bone are characteristics of the axial skeleton?

A

Irregular bones
Flat bones
Paranasal sinus or Pneumatic bones

33
Q

Give 5 examples of bones that exhibit air spaces within the bone?

A 
Frontal
Ethmoid
Maxilla
Sphenoid
Temporal
34
Q

What are the classifications given to abnormal bone stressed in Spinal Anatomy?

A

Accessory Bone

Heterotopic Bone

35
Q

What is the name given to bone formed from existing bone?

A

Accessory bone

36
Q

What are examples of accessory bone?

A

Para-articular processes of Vertebrae

Bony spurs of Vertebrae

37
Q

What is the name given to bone that form within a non-bone location?

A

Heterotopic bone

38
Q

What are examples of heterotopic bones?

A

Calcification deposits in the pineal gland, Heart, and Ligaments.

39
Q

What are the four basic surface feature categories?

A

Elevation
Depression
Tunnels or Passageways
Facets

40
Q

When do the surface features of bone become prominent?

A

During and After Puberty.

41
Q

What are the type of osseous elevations?

A

Linear
Rounded
Sharp

42
Q

What are the types of Linear osseous elevations?

A

Line
Ridge
Crest

43
Q

What are the types of rounded osseous elevations?

A 
Tubercle, 
Tuberosity or Tuber,
Trochanter,
Malleolus,
Protuberance
44
Q

What are the categories of sharp osseous elevations?

A

Spine

Process

45
Q

What are the categories of osseous depressions?

A

Linear depressions

Rounded depressions

46
Q

What are the types/categories of linear osseous depressions?

A

Notch or Incisure,
Groove,
Sulcus

47
Q

What are the types/categories of rounded osseous depressions?

A

Fovea

Fossa

48
Q

What are the names given to openings on the surface of bone?

A

Hiatus

Ostium or Orifice

49
Q

What is the difference between osseous ostium and hiatus?

A

Ostium–a round/oval opening on the surface of the bone.

Hiatus–An irregular opening on the surface of bone.

50
Q

What are the names given to osseous ostia which completely penetrate the bone?

A

Foramen

Canal

51
Q

What is the name given to an ostium that does not completely penetrate through a region of bone and appears as a blind-ended passageway?

A

Meatus

52
Q

What are the categories of osseous facets?

A

Flat facets

Rounded facets

53
Q

What are the types/categories of rounded osseous facets?

A

Articular Heads

Articular Condyles

54
Q

T/F The typical human body has a total of 208 bones.

A

False—- 206

55
Q

What is the difference in the amount of bones between the appendicular and axial skeleton?

A

Answer = 46

Appendicular = 126
Axial                = 80                126 - 80 = 46
56
Q

What bones form the axial skeleton?

A 
Skull
Hyoid
Vertebral Column
Sternum
Ribs
57
Q

What is the total number of bones forming the typical skull with the hyoid bone included?

A

Answer= 29

Typical skull= 28 + 1 (Hyoid) = 29

58
Q

Some texts consider the auditory ossicles under special senses, in that case what is the total number of bones that make up the skull?

A

22

59
Q

What is the name given to the adult skull minus the mandible.

A

Cranium

60
Q

What are the names given to the top of the adult skull?

A

Calvaria or Calva

61
Q

What are the categories of bone forming the typical adult skull?

A

Neurocranium
Facial Skeleton (Splanchnocranium or Visceral Cranium)
Auditory Ossicles

62
Q

What does the neurocranium do and how many bones compose it?

A

Protect and Supports the brain

8 bones

63
Q

What bones form the neurocranium of the typical adult skull?

A 
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
64
Q

What does the facial skeleton do and how many bones compose it?

A

Support the face or front of the head

14

65
Q

What bones form the facial skeleton? (9)

A

Mandible, Vomer, Nasal, Maxilla, Lacrimal, Inferior Nasal Concha, Palatine, Zygomatic

66
Q

By strictly definition, what is the splanchnocranium?

A

The bones that support the face minus the mandible.

67
Q

What bones form the splanchnocranium?

A

Vomer, Nasal, Maxilla, Lacrimal, Inferior Nasal Concha, Palatine, Zygomatic

68
Q

What is the number of bones comprising each region of the typical adult spinal column or vertebral column?

A 
Cervical: 7
Thoracic: 12
Lumbar: 5
Sacrum: 1
Coccyx: 1
69
Q

What is the name given to the presacral region of the typical adult vertebral column or spinal column?

A

The spine

70
Q

What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult spine?

A

24 bones.

71
Q

What is the definition of “spine” as it pertains to the vertebral column?

A

Presacral region of the vertebral or spinal column.

72
Q

T/F The sternum is considered 1 bone.

A

True, 3 different parts though.

73
Q

What regions are present along the typical adult sternum?

A

Manubrium sterni,
Corpus sterni,
Xiphoid process

74
Q

How many pairs of ribs does the typical adult have?

A

12 pairs.

24 total ribs.

Spinal TRI 2 (13 decks)

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