Units 1 Osteology, 2 Skeleton Flashcards
What are the four basic tissues of the human body?
Epithelial, neural, muscle, and connective tissue.
Name the 3 primary cells types of bone and their function.
Osteoclast— Remodel bone,
Osteoblast—- Form bone.
Osteocyte—- Maintain or nurture bone.
What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?
Glycosaminoglycans (GAG)
What is the principal type of protein fiber in bone?
Collagen type 1.
What are the types of GAG found in bone?
Chondroitin Sulfate, Keratin Sulfate, and Hyaluronic acid.
What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?
Hydroxyapatite
Bone is also the repository for what additional ions?
Sodium, Magnesium, Fluoride, Lead, Strontium and Radium.
What three responses of “living” bone were stressed in class?
Ability to heal.
Can remodel under stressors like anxiety, tension, and pressure.
Ages.
Bone is the embryological derivative of which specific connective tissues?
Mesenchyme and/or Cartilage.
What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?
Intramembranous ossification.
What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?
in utero 2-3 months
What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?
Endochondral ossification
What is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?
in utero 2-5 months.
Which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?
Mandible
Sphenoid
Temporal
Occipital
Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?
Clavicle
What are the names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance?
Primary Ossification: Appears BEFORE birth.
Secondary Ossification: Appears AFTER birth.
Mature bone is described as being composed of what areas based on bone density?
Cortical or Compact bone and Spongy, Cancellous or Trabecular bone.
What is the name of the bone below an articulating surface?
Subchondral bone
What is the name of the outer fibro-cellular covering of bone?
Periosteum.
What is the name given to the fibro-cellular lining of bone?
Endosteum.
What are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?
Sexual Dimorphism
Ontogenetic Variation
Geographic or population based variation.
Idiosyncratic Variation.
What is the more vague terms for the primary sources of variation of bone?
Gender Variation.
Growth or age Variation.
Ethnic Variation.
Individual Variation.
Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on male and female variation is identified as which type of variation?
Sexual Dimorphism
Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on age or developmental variation is identified as which type of variation?
Ontogenetic Variation
Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on ethnicity or locational variation is identified as what?
Geographic or Population based Variation
Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on the uniqueness between individuals as identified as which type of variation?
Idiosyncratic Variation.
Which classifications of bone are characteristic of the appendicular skeleton
Long bones,
Short Bones,
Sesamoid Bones
Name the six classifications of bone commonly used.
Long Bone, Short Bone, Flat Bone, Irregular Bone. Paranasal sinus, Pneumatic Bones and Sesamoid bones
What are examples of short bones?
Most of the Carpus and tarsus.
What is the characteristic of sesamoid bone?
It develops within a Tendon.
What is an example of a sesamoid bone besides the patella?
Pisiform.
Which classifications of bone are characteristics of the axial skeleton?
Irregular bones
Flat bones
Paranasal sinus or Pneumatic bones
Give 5 examples of bones that exhibit air spaces within the bone?
Frontal Ethmoid Maxilla Sphenoid Temporal
What are the classifications given to abnormal bone stressed in Spinal Anatomy?
Accessory Bone
Heterotopic Bone
What is the name given to bone formed from existing bone?
Accessory bone
What are examples of accessory bone?
Para-articular processes of Vertebrae
Bony spurs of Vertebrae
What is the name given to bone that form within a non-bone location?
Heterotopic bone
What are examples of heterotopic bones?
Calcification deposits in the pineal gland, Heart, and Ligaments.
What are the four basic surface feature categories?
Elevation
Depression
Tunnels or Passageways
Facets
When do the surface features of bone become prominent?
During and After Puberty.
What are the type of osseous elevations?
Linear
Rounded
Sharp
What are the types of Linear osseous elevations?
Line
Ridge
Crest
What are the types of rounded osseous elevations?
Tubercle, Tuberosity or Tuber, Trochanter, Malleolus, Protuberance
What are the categories of sharp osseous elevations?
Spine
Process
What are the categories of osseous depressions?
Linear depressions
Rounded depressions
What are the types/categories of linear osseous depressions?
Notch or Incisure,
Groove,
Sulcus
What are the types/categories of rounded osseous depressions?
Fovea
Fossa
What are the names given to openings on the surface of bone?
Hiatus
Ostium or Orifice
What is the difference between osseous ostium and hiatus?
Ostium–a round/oval opening on the surface of the bone.
Hiatus–An irregular opening on the surface of bone.
What are the names given to osseous ostia which completely penetrate the bone?
Foramen
Canal
What is the name given to an ostium that does not completely penetrate through a region of bone and appears as a blind-ended passageway?
Meatus
What are the categories of osseous facets?
Flat facets
Rounded facets
What are the types/categories of rounded osseous facets?
Articular Heads
Articular Condyles
T/F The typical human body has a total of 208 bones.
False—- 206
What is the difference in the amount of bones between the appendicular and axial skeleton?
Answer = 46
Appendicular = 126 Axial = 80 126 - 80 = 46
What bones form the axial skeleton?
Skull Hyoid Vertebral Column Sternum Ribs
What is the total number of bones forming the typical skull with the hyoid bone included?
Answer= 29
Typical skull= 28 + 1 (Hyoid) = 29
Some texts consider the auditory ossicles under special senses, in that case what is the total number of bones that make up the skull?
22
What is the name given to the adult skull minus the mandible.
Cranium
What are the names given to the top of the adult skull?
Calvaria or Calva
What are the categories of bone forming the typical adult skull?
Neurocranium
Facial Skeleton (Splanchnocranium or Visceral Cranium)
Auditory Ossicles
What does the neurocranium do and how many bones compose it?
Protect and Supports the brain
8 bones
What bones form the neurocranium of the typical adult skull?
Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital Sphenoid Ethmoid
What does the facial skeleton do and how many bones compose it?
Support the face or front of the head
14
What bones form the facial skeleton? (9)
Mandible, Vomer, Nasal, Maxilla, Lacrimal, Inferior Nasal Concha, Palatine, Zygomatic
By strictly definition, what is the splanchnocranium?
The bones that support the face minus the mandible.
What bones form the splanchnocranium?
Vomer, Nasal, Maxilla, Lacrimal, Inferior Nasal Concha, Palatine, Zygomatic
What is the number of bones comprising each region of the typical adult spinal column or vertebral column?
Cervical: 7 Thoracic: 12 Lumbar: 5 Sacrum: 1 Coccyx: 1
What is the name given to the presacral region of the typical adult vertebral column or spinal column?
The spine
What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult spine?
24 bones.
What is the definition of “spine” as it pertains to the vertebral column?
Presacral region of the vertebral or spinal column.
T/F The sternum is considered 1 bone.
True, 3 different parts though.
What regions are present along the typical adult sternum?
Manubrium sterni,
Corpus sterni,
Xiphoid process
How many pairs of ribs does the typical adult have?
12 pairs.
24 total ribs.
