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Spinal TRI 2 > Unit 6, Regions of the Vertebral column (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Unit 6, Regions of the Vertebral column (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

what will form the posterior boundary of a typical cervical IVF?

A

1) Post and Pre zygapophysis
2) Capsular ligament
3) Ligamentum Flavum

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2
Q

What will form the superior boundary of a typical cervical IVF?

A

Inferior vertebral notch/incisure

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3
Q

What will form the inferior boundary of a typical cervical IVF?

A

Superior vertebral notch/incisure

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4
Q

What is the unique anterior boundary of the IVF for the C4 spinal nerve?

A

1) Lateral groove of C3

2) Uncinate process of C4 forming the Joint of LUSHKA

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5
Q

What vertebral segments of the cervical are considered atypical?

A

C1.
C2.
C7.

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6
Q

What features are lacking at C1?

A

1) Vertebral body
2) Pedicles
3) Spinous process
4) Intervertebral disk

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7
Q

What is thought to represent the pedicle at C1?

A

Anterior Arch

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8
Q

What osseous modification is observed to the front of the anterior arch of C1?

A

Anterior tubercle

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9
Q

What muscle attach anterior arch of C1?

A

Longus Colli

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10
Q

What ligaments will attach to the anterior arch of C1?

A

1) Anterior longitudinal
2) Anterior atlanto-occipital
3) Anterior atlanto-axial

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11
Q

What is observed on the back of the anterior arch of C1?

A

Fovea dentis

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12
Q

What joint classifications are observed on the anterior arch?

A

1) Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) Syndesmosis joint

2) Synovial Pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joint

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13
Q

What is the morphology of the superior articular facet of C1?

A

Elliptical; closer together in front and often demonstrate an elevation subdividing the facet surface into two separate surfaces.

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14
Q

What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of C1?

A

BUM

Backward, Upward, Medial

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15
Q

What is the joint classification of the atlanto-occipital zygapophysis?

A

Synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal joint.

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16
Q

What are the morphological characteristics of the inferior articular facets of C1?

A

Asymmetrical, Slightly concave or flattened

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17
Q

What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of C1?

A

BMD

Backward, Medial, Downward

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18
Q

What is the joint classification of the atlanto-axial zygapophysis?

A

Synovial Plane….(Diarthrosis arthrodia) Joint

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19
Q

What is the name of the rounded elevation on the medial aspect of the lateral mass of C1?

A

Tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament

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20
Q

What muscles attach to the lateral mass of C1?

A

1) Levator Scapulae
2) Splenius Cervicis
3) Rectus capitis anterior

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21
Q

What part of C1 represents the spinous process?

A

Posterior tubercle of the posterior arch

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22
Q

What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch to the skin in each gender?

A

Male: about 50mm
Female: about 37mm

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23
Q

What attaches to the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1?

A

1) Rectus Capitis posterior minor

2) Ligamentum Nuchae

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24
Q

What superior surface modifications of the posterior arch of C1 are present?

A

1) Groove/Sulcus for the vertebral artery

2) Arcuate rim

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25
Q

What attaches to the arcuate rim of C1?

A

Posterior atlanto-occipital ligament

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26
Q

Ossification of the free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament results in which atypical bone classification?

A

Accessory bone

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27
Q

What is the earliest age of development where ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament was observed?

A

about 7 years old.

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28
Q

Based on the amount of ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament what structures will form?

A

Complete/Incomplete Ponticulus Posticus

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29
Q

What other name may be used to identify a Ponticulus Posticus?

A

Kimmerle’s anomaly

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30
Q

What names are given to the opening of the Ponticulus Posticus?

A

Arcuate foramen

Retroarticular canal

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31
Q

Ponticulus Posticus has been observed in what ethnic populations?

A

ALL ethnic populations studied thus far

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32
Q

What is the general range of incidence of Ponticulus Posticus in the populations studied?

A

1-41%

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33
Q

What is the gender bias now associated with Ponticulus Posticus?

A

Female

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34
Q

What is the incidence of a complete vs a incomplete Ponticulus Posticus?

A

incomplete: as high as 41%
Complete: 15 %

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35
Q

What are the osseous parts of the transverse process of C1?

A

1) Costal element
2) Posterior tubercle
3) True transverse process

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36
Q

What muscles attach to the transverse process of C1?

A

1) Rectus capitis (ANT. LATERALLIS)
2) Middle scalene
3) Levator Scapulae
4) Splenius Cervicis
5) Obliquus Capitis (SUP., INF.)
6) Intertransversarii

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37
Q

What suboccipital muscles are known to have fascial projections attaching to the spinal Dura?

A

1) Rectus Capitis posterior minor
2) Recuts Capitis posterior Major
3) Obliquus Capitis Inferior

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38
Q

What are the connections between suboccipital muscles and the spinal dura called?

A

Myodural bridges

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39
Q

What are the lateral bridges of atlas connected to?

A

Lateral mass

Transverse process of atlas

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40
Q

What forms of the lateral bridges are observed in the population?

A

Incomplete

Complete

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41
Q

What opening is identified when a complete lateral bridge is formed?

A

Retrotransverse foramen

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42
Q

What are the possible contents of the retrotransverse foramen?

A

1) vertebral artery
2) branch from the suboccipital N.
3) Veins communicating with the Venous sinuses of the neck

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43
Q

Which of the ponticles (bridges) of atlas is most numerous?

A

Ponticulus Posticus

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44
Q

Which of the ponticles (bridges) of atlas is only observed in humans?

A

Lateral bridges

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45
Q

What is observed in the transverse foramen of C1?

A

1) Vertebral A.
2) Vertebral Venous Plexus
3) Postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers

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46
Q

What is the gender variation for measurements of the transverse diameter of C1?

A

Male: 78 mm
Female: 72mm

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47
Q

What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1 to the skin for each gender?

A

little over 30mm for both M and F

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48
Q

How many synovial joint surfaces are observed at C1?

A

5

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49
Q

What is another name given to the axis vertebra?

A

Epistropheus

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50
Q

What unique vertebral body modification is characteristic of C2?

A

Dens/ Odontoid process

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51
Q

How many joint surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?

A

5

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52
Q

What joint surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?

A

1) Facet for fovea dentis
2) groove for the transverse atlantal ligament
3) attachment sites for the alar ligaments
4) Attachment sites for the apical-dental ligament

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53
Q

What is the name/classification given to the odontoid process when the tip of the dens is directed posterior?

A

Lordotic dens

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54
Q

What is the name/classification given to the odontoid process when the tip of the dens is directed anterior?

A

Kyphotic dens

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55
Q

What joint classifications are present at the vertebral body of C2?

A

1) fibrous (amphiarthrosis) Syndesmosis
2) Synovial Pivot (diarthrosis trochoid)
3) Modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis Sellar)
4) Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis

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56
Q

What ligament will represent the cranial continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Membrana tectoria

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57
Q

What ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal above C2?

A

Membrana Tectoria

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58
Q

What ligament forms the anterior bouindary for the spinal canal below C2?

A

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

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59
Q

What is the location of the superior vertebral notch of C2?

A

On the Lamina-Pedicle junction

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60
Q

What attaches to the lamina of C2?

A

1) Ligamentum Flavum
2) Obliquus capitis inferior muscle
3) Posterior atlanto-axial ligament

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61
Q

What is the appearance of the superior articular facets of C2?

A

Asymmetrical

Slightly Convex

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62
Q

What is the facet orientation of the superior articular facets of C2?

A

BUL

Backward, Upward, Lateral

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63
Q

What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of C2?

A

FoLD

Forward, Lateral, Down

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64
Q

What muscle attaches to the articular process of C2?

A

Longissimus Cervicis

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65
Q

What will be observed in the transverse foramen at C2?

A

1) Vertebral A.
2) Vertebral venous plexus
3) Postganglionic sympathetic motor N. fibers

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66
Q

What is the gender variation for the transverse diameter of C2?

A

Males: 57mm
Females: 50mm

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67
Q

What muscles attach to the transverse process of C2?

A

1) Levator Scapulae
2) Middle scalene
3) Splenius Cervicis
4) Longissimus Cervicis
5) Intertansversarii

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68
Q

What is the characteristic appearance of the C2 spinous process in humans?

A

bifid

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69
Q

What muscles attach to the spinous process of C2?

A

1) Rectus Capitis posterior Major
2) Obliquus Capitis inferior
3) Spinalis Cervicis
4) Semispinalis cervicis
5) Multifidis
6) Rotators
7) Interspinalis

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70
Q

What ligaments attach to the spinous process of C2?

A

1) Ligamentum Nuchae

2) Interspinous ligaments

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71
Q

What names may be given to C7?

A

Vertebra prominens

Vertebral Prominence

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72
Q

What is the name given to the topographical elevation observed at the base of the neck?

A

Vertebral Prominence

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73
Q

What name is given to C7 only?

A

Vertebra Prominens

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74
Q

In what percent of men and women does C7 become the vertebral prominence?

A

Male: 86 %
Female: 79 %

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75
Q

What is the segment and gender bias for the vertebrae other than C7 becoming the vertebral prominence?

A

C6 more common in Females

T1 more common in Males

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76
Q

How many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of C7?

A

8

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77
Q

What joint classifications are observed at the vertebral body of C7?

A

1) Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) Syndesmosis
2) Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) Symphysis
3) Modified synovial Saddle (diarthrosis sellar)

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78
Q

What muscle(s) attache(s) to the vertebral body of C7?

A

Longus Colli

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79
Q

What features are typically present in the transverse foramen of C7?

A

1) Vertebral venous plexus

2) Postganglionic sympathetic motor N. fibers

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80
Q

What muscles attach to the transverse process of C7?

A

1) Middle Scalene
2) Iliocostalis Thoracis
3) Longissimus cervicis
4) Semispinalis capitis
5) Rotators
6) Intertransversarii
7) Levator Costarum brevis

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81
Q

What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of C7?

A

BUM

Backward, Upward, Medial

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82
Q

What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C7?

A

ForMeD

Forward, Medial, downward

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83
Q

What muscles will attach to the articular process of C7?

A

1) Longissimus cervicis
2) Longissimus capitis
3) Semispinalis cervicis
4) Multifidis

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84
Q

What muscles attach to the spinous process of C7?

A

1) Trapezius
2) Rhomboid minor
3) Serratus posterior superior
4) Splenius Capitis
5) Spinalis capitis, Cervicis
6) Semispinalis thoracis
7) Multifidis
8) rotators
9) Interspinalis

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85
Q

What ligaments attach to the spinous process of C7?

A

1) Ligamentum Nuchae

2) Interspinous Ligaments

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86
Q

The vertebral artery on which side is typically larger?

A

Left Vertebral A.

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87
Q

What is the gender bias regarding size of the vertebral A.?

A

Male: Larger

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88
Q

What was the name of the physical exam used to determine vertebral artery patency?

A

Vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency test

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89
Q

Which side artery was tested during the course of the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency exam?

A

Ipsilateral artery on the side of rotation

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90
Q

Typically, at what vertebral level will the vertebral artery fist become located in the transverse foramen?

A

C6

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91
Q

At what location will the vertebral artery form its first compensatory loop?

A

Atlanto-axial interspace

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92
Q

At what location will the vertebral artery form its second compensatory loop?

A

Atlanto-occipital interspace

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93
Q

At what segments will the vertebral artery be firmly attached to the transverse foramen?

A

Both C1 and C2

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94
Q

What is the purpose of the vertebral artery loops between C2, C1 and occiput?

A

Increase length will accommodate the greater rotation at these locations.

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95
Q

What happens to the vertebral artery after it enters the subarachnoid space at C1?

A

Vertebral artery ascends along the medulla oblongata to the pontine- medullary junction where the right and left arteries unite to form the basilar artery.

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96
Q

What forms the boundaries for the exit of C1 nerve form the spinal canal?

A 
Occipital condyle
Superior articular process of C1
Capsular ligament
Arcuate rim
Groove for the vertebral artery
Posterior atlanto-occipital ligament
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97
Q

What forms the anterior boundary for the C2 nerve exit from the spinal canal?

A

Inferior articular process of C1
Superior articular process of C2
Capsular ligament

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98
Q

Which suboccipital muscles attach to C1?

A

1) Rectus Capitis Posterior minor
2) Obliquus capitis superior
3) Obliquus capitis inferior

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99
Q

Which sub occipital muscles attach to C2?

A

1) Rectus capitis posterior major

2) Obliquus capitis inferior

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100
Q

Which erector spinae muscles attach to the cervical spine?

A

1) Iliocostalis Thoracis
2) Iliocostalis Cervicis
3) Longissimus Cervicis
4) Longissimus Capitis
5) Spinalis Cervicis
6) Spinalis Capitis

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101
Q

Which transversospinalis muscles attach to the cervical spine?

A

1) Semispinalis Cervicis
2) Semispinalis Capitis
3) Multifidis
4) Rotators

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102
Q

What joint classifications are present at C1?

A

1) Synovial (diarthrosis) Ellipsoidal
2) Synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid)
3) Synovial Plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
4) Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) Syndesmosis

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103
Q

What joint classifications are present at C2?

A

1) Synovial Pivot (diarthrosis trochoid)
2) Synovial Plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
3) Modified Synovial Saddle (diarthrosis sellar)
4) Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) Syndesmosis
5) Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) Symphysis

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104
Q

What joint classifications are present at each typical cervical?

A

1) Synovial Plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
2) Modified Synovial saddle ( diarthrosis sellar)
3) Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) Syndesmosis
4) Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) Symphysis

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105
Q

What joint classifications are present at C7?

A

1) Synovial Plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
2) Modified Synovial Saddle (diarthrosis sellar)
3) Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) Syndesmosis
4) Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) Symphysis

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106
Q

What forms the boundaries for the exit of the C2 nerve from the spinal canal?

A

1) Inferior Articular Process of C1
2) Superior Articular Process of C2
3) Capsular ligament
4) Inferior Vertebral Notch of C1
5) Superior Vertebral Notch of C2
6) Posterior arch of C1
7) Lamina of C2
8) Posterior atlanto-axial ligament

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107
Q

What forms the posterior boundary for the C2 nerve exit from the spinal canal?

A

1) Posterior arch of C1
2) Lamina of C2
3) Posterior atlanto-axial ligament

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108
Q

What forms the anterior boundary for the C3-C7 nerve exit from the spinal canal?

A

1) Vertebral bodies
2) Intervertebral disc
3) Posterior longitudinal Ligament
4) Uncinate process
5) Lateral groove

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109
Q

What forms the anterior boundary for the C8 nerve exit from the spinal canal?

A

1) Vertebral bodies of C7 and T1
2) Intervertebral disc
3) Posterior longitudinal ligament
4) Capsular ligament of the costocentral ligament
5) Superior costal facet of T1
6) Articular surface of the first rib

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110
Q

What are the superior articular facet orientations for the cervical vertebrae?

A

1) C1 is BMD
2) C2-C6 is FoLD
3) C7 is ForMeD

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111
Q

What are the inferior articular facet orientations for the cervical vertebra?

A

1) C1 is BMD
2) C2-C6 is FoLD
3) C7 is ForMeD

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112
Q

How many synovial joints are identified for each cervical vertebra?

A 
C1= 5
C2= 8
C3-C6= 8
C7= 6
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113
Q

How many joints are identified at the vertebral body of each cervical vertebra?

A 
C1= none
C2= 10
C3-C6= 10
C7= 8
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114
Q

What features will allow discrimination between T2-T4 and T5-T8 segmental groups?

A

1) Vertebral body
2) Transverse process
3) Articular process
4) Spinous Process

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115
Q

What is the name given to the left side appearance of the vertebral body of T5-T8?

A

Aortic Impression

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116
Q

What part of the vertebral body is most influenced by the aorta at T5-T8?

A

Left Superior and Inferior Epiphyseal rim

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117
Q

What is the height pattern of the typical thoracic vertebral body?

A

Posterior height is GREATER than the Anterior height by 1-2 mm.

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118
Q

What is the principal cause of the posterior curve of the thoracic spine?

A

Vertebral body height differences

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119
Q

In terms of the anterior-posterior curves of the vertebral column, what direction will the thoracic spine face?

A

Posterior

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120
Q

What is another way of naming a posterior curve pattern?

A

Kyphotic Curve

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121
Q

How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?

A

4

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122
Q

How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?

A

2

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123
Q

How many joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?

A

Typically 10

14 if Costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included

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124
Q

How many Costocentral joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?

A

4

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125
Q

Which of the demi-facets on the vertebral body of a typical thoracic is larger?

A

Superior costal demi-facet

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126
Q

What feature will provide assistance in maintaining the stability of the intervertebral foramen in the typical thoracics?

A

Costocentral joint or ribs

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127
Q

What is the size relationship between the articulating surface of the head of the rib and the costal demi-facet surface?

A

Rib surface is GREATER than the Costal demi-facet

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128
Q

Which muscle(s) is attached to the vertebral body of T2 or T3?

A

Longus Colli

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129
Q

Which X-ray view is used to see into the intervertebral foramen of a typical thoracic?

A

lateral view

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130
Q

Which vertebral notch or incisure is said to be prominent?

A

Inferior vertebral notch/Incisure

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131
Q

What is overlap of the lamina called in the typical thoracic region?

A

Shingling

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132
Q

In which plane will the size of the vertebral foramen of a typical thoracic be greatest?

A

Transverse plane

Vertebral transverse diameter

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133
Q

What is the distance between the transverse tubercles in the typical thoracic region?

A

From T2 each transverse diameter becomes shorter as the transverse processes angle more posterior

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134
Q

What is present on the transverse tubercle of a typical thoracic?

A

Transverse costal facet

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135
Q

What is the classification of the costotransverse joint?

A

Synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint

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136
Q

What are the osseous parts of the costotransverse joint ?

A

Transverse costal facet and the articular surface of the tubercle of a rib.

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137
Q

What ligaments support the costotransverse joint of a typical thoracic?

A

1) Superior costotransverse
2) Inferior costotransverse
3) Lateral costotransverse ligament

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138
Q

Which muscle may attach to the transverse process of a typical thoracic?

A

1) Longissimus thoracis, Cervicis, Capitis
2) Semispinalis thoracis, Cervicis, Capitis
3) Multifidis
4) Rotator Longus, Brevis
5) Intertransversarii
6) Levator Costarum Longus
7) Levator Costarum Brevis

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139
Q

How do the transverse diameters of the articular processes compare in the T2-T4 region?

A

Superior articular process transverse diameter is GREATER than the Inferior articular process transverse diameter for a given segment.

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140
Q

How do the transverse diameters of the articular processes compare in the T5-T8 region?

A

Superior articular process transverse diameter is the SAME/EQUAL to the inferior articular process transverse diameter for a given segment

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141
Q

What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of a typical thoracic?

A

Backward, Upward, and Lateral

BUL

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142
Q

What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of a typical thoracic?

A

Forward, downward, medial

ForMeD

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143
Q

How many synovial joints are present on a typical thoracic?

A

10

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144
Q

Identify the synovial joint surfaces present on a typical thoracic.

A

1) Two superior costal demi-facets
2) Two inferior costal demi-facets
3) Two Transverse costal facets
4) Two Superior articular facets
5) Two inferior articular facets

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145
Q

What is the name given to the overlap of the spinous processes in the thoracic region?

A

Imbrication

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146
Q

Imbrication will be more pronounced for what region of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

T5-T8

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147
Q

Which thoracic has the longest spinous process?

A

T8

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148
Q

What is the angulation of the spinous process of T2-T4?

A

Undersurface of T2-T4 spinous processes will angle up to 45 degrees from the horizontal plane.

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149
Q

What is the angulation of the spinous process of T5-T8?

A

Undersurface of T5-T8 spinous processes will angle up to 60 degrees from the horizontal plane.

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150
Q

What joint classification is associated with typical thoracic spinous process ligaments?

A

Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) Syndesmosis joint

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151
Q

Which muscles attach to the spinous process of a typical thoracic?

A

1) Layer — Trapezius, Latissimus dorsi
2) Layer— Rhomboid Major
3) Layer— Serratus Posterior Superior
4) Layer— Spinalis thoracis, Cervicis, Capitis
5) Layer— Semispinalis Thoracis, Multifidis, rotator Longus, Rotator Brevis

Interspinalis, Splenius Cervicis, Capitis

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152
Q

What is the appearance of the superior surface of the vertebral body of T1?

A

Somewhat cup-shaped with elevations at the posterior and lateral margin.

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153
Q

What may the elevations on the vertebral body of T1 represent?

A

Uncinate processes

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154
Q

What is the appearance of the inferior surface of the vertebral body of T1?

A

Typically flat, Lacking anterior and posterior lips characteristic of the cervicals.

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155
Q

How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of T1?

A

four normally

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156
Q

How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T1?

A

2

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157
Q

How many syndesmosis joints are formed at the vertebral body T1?

What if you include rib articulations?

A

Typically 4

If ribs are included as many as 8.

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158
Q

How many joints are formed at the vertebral body of T1?

What if you include the rib ligaments?

A

Typically 10

If rib ligaments are included 14.

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159
Q

How many Costocentral joints are formed at the vertebral body of T1?

A

4

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160
Q

What synovial joint surfaces are present on the T1 vertebral body?

A

1) Right and Left superior costal facet

2) Right and Left inferior costal demi-facet

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161
Q

What is the rib - vertebral body combination at the intervertebral foramen for the 8th cervical nerve?

A

Vertebral body–T1
Rib–1

Superior costal facet of T1 will join with articular surface of the head of Rib 1.

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162
Q

What ligament supports the Costocentral joint of the first rib?

A

Costocentral stellate/radiate Ligament

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163
Q

What ligaments support the Costocentral joint of the second rib?

A

1) Costocentral stellate/radiate ligament

2) Costocentral Interarticular or intra-articular ligament

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164
Q

Which muscles attach to the vertebral body of T1?

A

Longus Colli

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165
Q

What ligaments support the costotransverse joint of T1?

A

1) Inferior costotransverse Ligament

2) Lateral costotransverse ligament

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166
Q

What ligament is absent at the costotransverse joint of T1?

A

Superior costotransverse ligament

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167
Q

Which costotransverse joint will the superior costotransverse ligament of T1 support?

A

The second rib costotransverse joint

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168
Q

What muscles attach to the transverse process of T1?

A

1) Longissimus Thoracis, Cervicis, Capitis
2) Semispinalis Cervicis, Capitis
3) Multifidis
4) Rotator Longus, Brevis
5) Intertransversarii
6) Levator Costarum Brevis

169
Q

Which specific transversospinalis muscle is absent from T1?

A

Semispinalis Thoracis

170
Q

What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of T1?

A

BUL

Backward, Upward, Lateral

171
Q

What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of T1>

A

ForMeD

Forward, Medial, Downward

172
Q

What is the classification of the articular facet joint?

A

Synovial Plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)

173
Q

How many synovial joints are present at T1?

174
Q

Which vertebrae have been identified as forming the vertebral prominence?

A

C6, C7, T1

175
Q

What is the gender bias associated with T1 as the vertebral prominence?

A

Males (9%) are more likely than females (6%) to demonstrate T1 as the vertebral prominence.

176
Q

What muscles attach to the spinous process of T1?

A

1) Trapezius
2) Rhomboid minor
3) Serratus Posterior Superior
4) Splenius Capitis
5) Spinalis Thoracis, Cervicis, Capitis
6) Semispinalis Thoracis
7) Multifidis
8) Rotator Longus, Brevis
9) Interspinalis

177
Q

What is another way of naming a posterior curve pattern?

A

Kyphotic Curve

178
Q

Which synovial joint surfaces may be absent from the vertebral body of T9?

A

Inferior costal demi-facets

179
Q

The Costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments will attach to what features?

A

Head of the Rib
Vertebral bodies of the vertebral couple
Intervertebral disc

180
Q

Which muscles attach to the transverse process of T9?

A

1) Longissimus Thoracis
2) Semispinalis Thoracis
3) Multifidis
4) Rotator Longus
5) Rotator Brevis
6) Intertransversarii
7) Levator Costarum Longus, Brevis

181
Q

Which is the last thoracic vertebra to have an inferior costal demi-facet?

182
Q

What muscles attach to the spinous process of T9?

A

1) Trapezius
2) Latissimus Dorsi
3) Multifidis
4) Rotator Longus
5) Rotator Brevis
6) Interspinalis

183
Q

Which muscles are conspicuously absent at the T9 spinous process?

A

Spinalis and Semispinalis

184
Q

How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body at T10?

185
Q

How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T10?

186
Q

How many syndesmosis joints are formed at the vertebral body of T10?

A

Typically 4 are identified.

As many as 8 if the Costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included.

187
Q

How many joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T10?

A

Typically 8.

12 if Costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included

188
Q

Which synovial joint surface is absent from the vertebral body of T10?

A

inferior costal demi-facet

189
Q

Para-articular processes are more commonly observed on which segment of the spine?

190
Q

What muscles attach to the transverse process of T10?

A

1) Longissimus Thoracis
2) Semispinalis thoracis
3) Multifidis
4) Rotator Longus, Brevis
5) Intertransversarii
6) Levator Costarum longus, brevis

191
Q

What is the orientation of the spinous process of T10?

A

Posterior and slightly inferior, it will shorten and become more horizontal.

192
Q

A dimpling or depression of the skin in the thoracic region is often characteristic of the location of which segment?

193
Q

What muscles attach to the spinous process of T10?

A

1) Trapezius
2) Latissimus dorsi
3) Multifidis
4) Rotator Longus, Brevis
5) Interspinalis

194
Q

What name is given to T11?

A

Anticlinal vertebra

195
Q

How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of T11?

196
Q

How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T11?

197
Q

How many joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T11?

A

Typically 8.

12 if Costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included.

198
Q

What part of the transverse process is absent on T11?

A

Transverse costal facet

199
Q

Which vertebra is the last segment to demonstrate a transverse costal facet?

200
Q

What ligaments form the costotransverse joint of T11?

A

1) Superior Costotransverse Ligament
2) Slightly developed inferior costotransverse Ligament
3) Lateral costotransverse ligament

201
Q

Which costotransverse joint will the superior costotransverse ligament at the transverse process of T11 support?

A

12th rib costotransverse joint

202
Q

What muscles attach to the transverse process of T11?

A

1) Longissimus Thoracis
2) Semispinalis Thoracis
3) Multifidis
4) Rotator Longus, Brevis
5) Intertransversarii
6) Levator Costarum Brevis

203
Q

Which Levator Costarum muscle is absent at T11?

A

Levator Costarum longus

204
Q

Which segment is the last to demonstrate an attachment for the Levator Costarum longus?

205
Q

What is the orientation of the superior articular facets of T11?

A

BUL

Backward, Upward, and Lateral

206
Q

What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of T11?

A

ForMeD

Forward, Medial, Downward

207
Q

How many synovial joints are typically present at T11?

208
Q

What muscles attach to the spinous process of T11?

A

1) Trapezius
2) Latissimus Dorsi
3) Serratus posterior inferior
4) Iliocostalis Lumborum
5) Spinalis thoracis
6) Multifidis
7) Rotator Longus, Brevis
8) Interspinalis

209
Q

At which segments of the thoracic spine will the Spinalis muscle not attach?

210
Q

Which erector spinae muscle uniquely attaches to the spinous process of T11?

A

Iliocostalis Lumborum

211
Q

How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of T12?

212
Q

How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T12?

213
Q

How many syndesmosis joints are formed at the vertebral body of T12?

A

4 typically

6 if Costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included.

214
Q

How many joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T12?

A

8 typically

10 if Costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included

215
Q

Which muscle(s) is attached to the vertebral body of T12?

A

Psoas Major, Psoas Minor

216
Q

What is present at the transverse process region of T12?

A

3 tubercles of variable size

217
Q

Which tubercle on T12 represents the transverse process?

A

Lateral tubercle

218
Q

Which tubercle on T12 represents the mammillary process of the lumbar?

A

Superior tubercle

219
Q

Which tubercle on T12 represents the accessory process of the lumbars?

A

Inferior tubercle

220
Q

What ligaments form the costotransverse joint of the twelfth rib?

A

Superior costotransverse ligament from T11 and the lumbocostal ligament from L1.

221
Q

Which costotransverse ligaments are attached at T12?

A

None; capsular, superior, inferior, and lateral costotransverse ligaments lack an attachment of T12.

222
Q

What muscles attach to the transverse process region T12?

A

1) Longissimus Thoracis
2) Semispinalis Thoracis
3) Multifidis
4) Rotator Longus, Brevis
5) Intertransversarii

223
Q

Which segment is the last to demonstrate a levator Costarum brevis attachment?

224
Q

Which segment is the last to demonstrate a levator Costarum longus attachment?

225
Q

What is the orientation of the superior articular facets of T12?

A

BUL

Backward, Upward, Lateral

226
Q

Which erector spinae muscle is unique in its attachment to the T12 spinous process?

A

Iliocostalis lumborum

227
Q

Which muscles attaching to the spinous process of T12 are not included in any muscle later of the true back?

A

Interspinalis

228
Q

Which muscles attach to the vertebral body of thoracic vertebrae?

A

1) Longus Coli
2) Psoas Major
3) Psoas Minor

229
Q

Which thoracic is first to demonstrate an attachment at the transverse process for the semispinalis muscle groups?

230
Q

Name the thoracic that is first and last to demonstrate the attachment of the levator Costarum brevis.

231
Q

What is the generic shape of the typical lumbar vertebral body from the cranial view?

A

Reniform or kidney-shaped

232
Q

What accounts for the direction of the lumbar curve?

A

Vertebral body and intervertebral disc have a GREATER ANTERIOR height.

233
Q

What is the effect of aging on the vertebral body of a lumbar vertebra?

A

Decrease in Height

Increase in Circumference

234
Q

What is the direction of the normal lumbar curve?

A

Anterior (Lordotic)

235
Q

How many synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral bodies of the Lumbar vertebrae?

236
Q

How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical lumbar?

237
Q

How many fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint surfaces are on a typical lumbar vertebral body?

238
Q

What joint classifications will be observed at the vertebral body of a typical lumbar?

A

Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joints

Fibrous (Amphiarthrosis) Syndesmosis

239
Q

What muscles may attach to a typical lumbar vertebral body?

A

Psoas Major

Psoas Minor

240
Q

Psoas minor will only attach to the vertebral body of which segments?

241
Q

What is the name given to ligaments that attach the vertebral body to articular process?

A

Transforaminal ligaments

242
Q

What are the attachment sites of the superior Transforaminal ligament at the L1-L2 intervertebral foramen?

A

L1 vertebral body—— L1 inferior articular process

243
Q

What are the attachment sites of the middle Transforaminal ligament at the L1-L2 IVF?

A

Intervertebral disc—— L1 inferior articular process

244
Q

What are the attachment sites of the inferior Transforaminal ligament at the L1-L2 IVF?

A

L2 vertebral body——- L2 superior articular process

245
Q

What ligaments attach the vertebral body to the transverse process?

A

Corporotransverse ligaments

246
Q

What Corporotransverse ligaments are identified?

A

Superior and Inferior Corporotransverse ligaments

247
Q

What are the attachment sites of the superior Corporotransverse ligaments at the L1-L2 IVF?

A

L1 Vertebral body AND L1,L2 intervertebral disc

TO the Transverse process of L2

248
Q

What are the attachment sites of the inferior Corporotransverse ligaments at the L1-L2 IVF?

A

L2 vertebral body AND L2,L3 intervertebral disc

TO transverse process of L2

249
Q

What are the types of Hofmann Ligaments?

A

1) Anterior Hofmann Lig.
2) Posterior Hofmann Lig.
3) Lateral Hofmann Lig.
4) Proximal root sleeve Ligaments

250
Q

Hofmann ligaments are identified in which regions along the vertebral column?

A

Cervical–Upper Thoracic region

Lumbar Region

251
Q

Cervical–Upper thoracic Hofmann ligaments will attach what structures together?

A

Dura mater—Segments above

252
Q

What is the highest level known to demonstrate Hofmann ligaments?

253
Q

What is the proposed function of the Cervical–Upper thoracic Hofmann ligaments?

A

Resist caudal movement of the Dural Sac

Resist gravitational forces on the dura and cord

254
Q

Lumbar Hofmann ligaments will attach what structures together?

A

Dura mater—Lower segmental levels

255
Q

What is the proposed function of the lumbar Hofmann ligaments?

A

Resist cranial movement of the Dural sac during flexion.

256
Q

What is the proposed function of the proximal root sleeve ligament?

A

Resist displacement of the peripheral nerve system in the intervertebral foramen.

257
Q

What osseous conditions of lumbar vertebrae facilitate a spinal tap in this region?

A

Overlap of the laminae, (Shingling) diminishes

Overlap of spinous processes (imbrication) diminishes

258
Q

What part of the central nerve system is present in the lumbar spine?

A

Conus medullaris is typically present in the vertebral foramen of L1

259
Q

What part of the peripheral nerve system is present in the lumbar spine?

A

Cauda Equina is typically present in the vertebral foramina of L2-L4.

260
Q

Beginning with the L1 transverse process, what is the generic direction and relative length of each succeeding lumbar transverse process?

A

Each transverse process is directed straight lateral and increases in length from L1-L3.
L4 begins to decrease in length.

261
Q

What is the name of the elevation near the origin of the lumbar transverse process?

A

Accessory process

262
Q

Congenital elongation of the lumbar accessory process results in what feature?

A

Styloid Process

263
Q

A styloid process occurs with what frequency and as a result of what condition?

A

7%

Result of congenital elongation of the lumbar accessory process

264
Q

What bony part of a cervical transverse process is lacking at the lumbar transverse process?

A

Costotransverse bar

265
Q

What ligaments will attach to the lumbar accessory process?

A

Mammillo-accessory ligament

266
Q

What parts of a vertebra are attached via the mammillo-accessory ligament?

A

Mammillary process and accessory process of the same segment.

267
Q

What was believed to be entrapped by the mammillo-accessory ligament?

A

Medial branch of the dorsal ramus of a lumbar spinal nerve.

268
Q

What muscles attach to the lumbar accessory process?

A

Longissimus thoracis and intertransversarii

269
Q

What ligament attaches the twelfth rib to the transverse process of L1?

A

Lumbocostal ligament

270
Q

What muscles may attach to the transverse process of a typical lumbar vertebra?

A

1) Psoas major
2) Quadratus Lumborum
3) Longissimus Thoracis
4) Rotator Bervis, Longus
5) Intertransversarii

271
Q

What ligaments attach to the transverse process of a typical lumbar vertebra?

A

Lumbocostal
Mammillo-accessory
Intertransverse ligaments

272
Q

What are the posterior elements of the vertebrae?

A

Zygapophysis

Lamina and Spinous Process

273
Q

What are the anterior elements of the vertebra?

A

Vertebral body

Pedicle

274
Q

What is characteristic of the L1-L4 articular processes?

A

Transverse diameter between superior articular processes of an L1-L4 segment will be greater than the transverse diameter of the inferior articular processes of the same segment.

275
Q

What is the orientation of the typical lumbar superior articular facet?

A

BUM

Backward, upward, Medial
Typically CONCAVE

276
Q

What is the orientation of the typical lumbar inferior articular facet?

A

FoLD

Forward, Lateral, Downward

Significantly Convex

277
Q

What is the name given to the projection on the lumbar superior articular process?

A

Mammillary process

278
Q

What is the position of the lumbar zygapophysis in children?

A

Zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane

279
Q

What is the position of the lumbar zygapophysis in adults?

A

Zygapophysis lies in the sagittal plane for L1-L4

Zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane for L4-S1

280
Q

What names are given to the condition in which one zygapophysis of a vertebral couple lies in the coronal plane and the other zygapophysis lies in the sagittal plane?

A

Joint Asymmetry or Joint tropism

281
Q

What is the name(s) of the condition in which the typical lumbar spinous process increases in length due to the aging process?

A

Baastrup’s syndrome or “Kissing Spines”

282
Q

What is Basstrup’s syndrome?

A

Elongation of the lumbar spinous process as a result of aging.

283
Q

What muscle will attach to the typical lumbar spinous process?

A

1) Latissimus dorsi
2) Serratus Posterior inferior
3) Iliocostalis Lumborum
4) Longissimus Throacis
5) Spinalis thoracis
6) Multifidis
7) Rotator Longus, Brevis
8) Interspinalis

284
Q

What is the appearance of the fifth lumbar vertebral body from the lateral view?

A

Anterior height is GREATER than Posterior Height by several mm.
Looks like a wedge on Lateral X-ray view.

285
Q

How many synovial joint surfaces are present at the fifth lumbar vertebral body?

286
Q

How many fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint surfaces present on the L5 vertebral body?

287
Q

What characteristic of L1-L4 pedicle may be used to differentiate it from the L5 segment? Be specific for each group.

A

Cranial view— lateral surface of the pedicle is apparent on a L1-L4 segment.
At L5 the transverse process originates from the vertebral body, pedicle and lamina-pedicle region.

288
Q

How does the size of the vertebral foramen differ along the spine?

A

Cervicals—-Greatest size
Lumbars—- second greatest
Thoracics— Smallest

289
Q

What is the generic direction and length of the fifth lumbar transverse process?

A

Straight lateral and is Shortest of all lumbar T.P.

290
Q

What accounts for the shortness of the L5 transverse process?

A

Hip/innominate bones diminish the available space in the transverse plane.

291
Q

What is the reported angulation and X-ray appearance of the fifth lumbar articular facets?

A

They lie in the vertical plane and are coronal.

292
Q

What is the orientation of the fifth lumbar superior articular facet?

A

BUM

Backward, upward, medial

Typically concave

293
Q

What is the orientation of the fifth lumbar inferior articular facet?

A

FoLD

Forward, lateral, downward

Significant convexity

294
Q

What muscle(s) will attach to the mammillary process?

A

Multifidis and intertransversarii

295
Q

What is the name(s) of the condition in which the L5 spinous process increases in length due to the aging process?

A

Baastrup’s syndrome or Kissing Spines

296
Q

What is knife clasp syndrome?

A

Congenital condition in which the L5 spinous process is elongated, the sacrum exhibits spina bifida and dorsiflexion produces pain.

297
Q

What muscles will attach to the fifth lumbar spinous process?

A

1) Latissimus dorsi
2) Iliocostalis Lumborum
3) Longissimus thoracis
4) Multifidis
5) Rotator Longus, Rotator brevis
6) Interspinalis

298
Q

How many synovial joints are maximally observed at each lumbar vertebra?

A

L1-L5= four each

299
Q

How many joints are traditionally observed at each lumbar vertebral body?

A

L1-L5= six each

300
Q

What muscle(s) may attach to the first sacral vertebral body?

A

Psoas Major

301
Q

How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of the first sacral segment?

302
Q

What is the origin of the sacral ala?

A

On base view, S1 transverse process and costal element appear to originate form the vertebral body and possibly the pedicle to form the sacral ala.

303
Q

What part of the sacral ala is derived from the costal element?

A

Anterior 2/3.

304
Q

What forms the median sacral crest?

A

Fused spinous processes and their spinous tubercles

305
Q

What muscles may attach to the median sacral crest?

A

Latissimus Dorsi
Iliocostalis Lumborum
Longissimus thoracis

306
Q

What forms the intermediate sacral crest?

A

Fused articular processes and their facets

307
Q

What features may be identified along the intermediate sacral crest?

A

Mammillary process of S1 and the sacral cornu of S5.

308
Q

What does the sacral cornu represent?

A

Inferior articular process and facet of S5

309
Q

What forms the lateral sacral crest?

A

Fused transverse processes and transverse tubercles from S1-S5

310
Q

What features may be identified along the lateral sacral crest?

A

S1 transverse tubercle, sacral tuberosity of S2, Transverse tubercles of S3-S5

311
Q

What is the name of the joint formed by the sacral tuberosity?

A

Accessory sacro-iliac joint.

312
Q

What feature is associated with the transverse tubercle of S5?

A

Inferior and lateral (inferolateral) sacral angle.

313
Q

What muscles may attach to the lateral sacral crest?

A

Multifidis

Iliocostalis Lumborum

314
Q

What muscle is said to attach to the dorsal surface of sacrum?

315
Q

What feature is identified on the lateral surface of S1-S3?

A

Auricular surface

316
Q

What is the sacral promontory?

A

Bulging anterior surface of the superior epiphyseal rim of S1

317
Q

What forms the posterior boundary for the fifth sacral spinal nerve IVF?

A

1) Sacral Cornu
2) Coccygeal Cornu
3) Superficial posterior sacrococcygeal lig
4) Intervertebral disc

318
Q

What forms the anterior boundary for the fifth sacral spinal nerve IVF?

A

1) Vertebral body S5
2) Vertebral body Co1
3) Deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
4) Intervertebral disc

319
Q

What is the homolog for the posterior longitudinal ligament at S5?

A

Deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

320
Q

What is the homolog for the anterior longitudinal ligament at S5?

A

Anterior sacrococcygeal ligament

321
Q

What is the homolog for the ligamentum flavum at S5?

A

Superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

322
Q

What forms the inferior boundary for the spinal canal?

A

Union of the superficial posterior and deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments.

323
Q

What ligament is formed by the union of the superficial posterior sacrococcygeal and the deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments at Co1?

A

Posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

324
Q

What ligament is a homolog of the intertransverse ligament at S5?

A

Lateral sacrococcygeal ligament

325
Q

What ligament divides the sciatic foramen into the greater and lesser sciatic foramina?

A

Sacrospinous ligament

326
Q

Which ligament has a broad attachment along the lateral margin of sacrum and coccyx and thenb attaches to the ischial tubersosity?

A

Sacrotuberous ligament

327
Q

Which ligament represents a thickening of the fibrous capsule of the sacro-iliac joint?

A

Anterior sacro-iliac ligament.

328
Q

What muscle(s) attach to the fifth lumbar accessory process?

A

Longissimus thoracis

329
Q

What muscles may attach to the transverse process of the fifth thoracic vertebra?

A 
Psoas Major
Quadratus Lumborum
Longissimus thoracis
Rotator brevis, Longus
Intertransversarii
330
Q

What ligaments traditionally attach to the transverse process of the fifth lumbar vertebra?

A

Lumbosacral
Iliolumbar
Mammillo-accessory ligaments

331
Q

C1, C3-C7, L1-L5, S1 have superior articular facets that face in what direction?

A

BUM

Backward Upward Medial

332
Q

Which ligament is the strongest of the sacro-iliac ligaments and is penetrated by dorsal rami of the sacral spinal nerve

A

Interosseous sacro-iliac ligament

333
Q

Which ligament will attach the intermediate sacral crest of S1, lateral sacral crest of S2 to the posterior superior iliac spine?

A

Short posterior sacro-iliac ligament

334
Q

Which ligament attaches the lateral sacral crest of S3 and S4 to the posterior superior iliac spine?

A

Long posterior sacro-ilaic ligament

335
Q

What is the homolog for the inferior articular process and facet at S5?

A

Sacral Cornu

336
Q

What is the homolog for the superior articular process and facet at Co1?

A

Coccygeal cornu

337
Q

What is the homolog for the capsular ligament at S5?

A

Intercornual ligament

338
Q

What is the number of coccygeal somites?

339
Q

What is the typical number of segments that unite to form the adult coccyx?

A

4 segments

340
Q

When is ossification of coccyx completed?

A

about age 30

341
Q

What bony features are present on the coccyx?

A

All segments are represented by a vertebral body; Co1 has a coccygeal corny and transverse process.

342
Q

What is the homolog of the superior articular process and facet and C01?

A

Coccygeal cornu

343
Q

What is the direction of fusion of coccygeal segments?

A

From caudal to cranial, The last segments to fuse together are Co1 and Co2.

344
Q

What is the major motion and range of motion for coccyx?

A

Flexion–Extension

5-20 degrees

345
Q

How many coccygeal nerves are present in the fetus vs the adult?

A

Typically 5 pairs in the fetus

Typically 1 pair in the adult

346
Q

What forms the coccygeal nerve plexus?

A

S4,S5, Co1 nerves

347
Q

What is the ganglion impar?

A

a midline sympathetic ganglion

348
Q

What is the location of the ganglion impar?

A

Anywhere from the sacrococcygeal joint to upper third of coccyx.

349
Q

What is the coccygeal glomus or coccygeal body?

A

An enlarged encapsulated arteriovenous anastomosis located near last coccyx segment.

350
Q

What innervates the coccygeal glomus or coccygeal body?

A

Both Sympathetic and Parasympathetic fibers.

351
Q

What muscles attach to the coccyx?

A

ischiococcygeal

Levator ani

352
Q

What ligaments form the posterior boundary for the Co1 spinal nerve IVF?

A

Superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

Intercornual ligament

353
Q

What ligaments form the anterior boundary for the Co1 spinal nerve IVF?

A

Deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

Intervertebral disc

354
Q

What is the superior articular facet orientation of C1?

A

BUM- concave

355
Q

What is the inferior articular facet orientation of C1?

356
Q

What is the superior articular facet orientation of C2?

357
Q

What is the inferior articular facet of orientation of C2?

358
Q

What is the superior articular facet orientation of C3-C6?

359
Q

What is the inferior articular facet orientation of C3-C6?

360
Q

What is the superior articular facet orientation of C7?

361
Q

What is the inferior articular facet orientation of C7?

362
Q

What is the superior articular facet orientation of T1-T11?

363
Q

Which segments will have facets that are specifically shaped as “convex”?

A

T12, L1-L5 inferior articular facets

364
Q

Which segments will have facets that are specifically shaped as “concave”?

A

C1, L1-L5, S1 superior articular facets

365
Q

What is the definition of spondylosis?

A

A vertebral condition

366
Q

What is the definition of spondylolysis?

A

A vertebral separation/cleavage

367
Q

What is the definition of spondylolisthesis?

A

A vertebral slippage.

368
Q

What is the current limited definition of spondylosis?

A

A vertebral condition that is acquired or age-related.

369
Q

What are some of the causes of spondylolysis?

A

1) Congenital
2) Acquired during development
3) result of Aging
4) Trauma

370
Q

What is the location of spondylolysis that will be stressed in spinal II?

A

Separation along the PARS Interarticularis. (defect in PI or pars defect)

371
Q

What specific parts of a vertebra are separated as a result of a pars defect?

A

Vertebral body, pedicle, and articular process from the other articular process, lamina, spinous process

372
Q

What is the incidence of spondylolysis I the general population?

373
Q

What is the incidence of spondylolysis in the native Alaskan population?

374
Q

What is the geographic or ethnic bias for a higher incidence of spondylolysis?

A

Native Alaskan (Inuit) People

375
Q

What characteristics are associated with cervical spondylolysis?

A

Rare
Gender biased to MEN, Commonly at C6
Linked to spondylolisthesis and Spina Bifida

376
Q

Lumbar spondylolysis has not been reported in what groups of individuals?

A

1) Fetuses
2) Newborns
3) Rarely in children under 5 years old
4) Patients who have never walked
5) Non-erect species

377
Q

Lumbar spondylolysis only been reported in what types of species?

A

Species that walk erect; Humans

378
Q

Lumbar spondylolysis is associated with what characteristics?

A

1) Familial association
2) Spina Bifida occulta
3) Racial/Ethic disparities
4) Gender and Location bias
5) Youthful incidences
6) Activities with repetitive stress on spine

379
Q

What is the gender bias and location bias associated with lumbar spondylolysis?

A

Men—L5/S1

Women—-L4/L5

380
Q

What is the age range typically associated with lumbar spondylolysis?

A

10-20 years olds

381
Q

What activities are particularly stressful at the pars Interarticularis of lumbar vertebrae?

A

Gymnastics, Dance, Soccer

382
Q

What motion(s) is particularly associated with lumbar spondylolysis?

A

Hyperextension coupled with Rotation

383
Q

What fills the space in a lumbar spondylolysis?

A

Fibrocartilagenous material

384
Q

What name has been given to the material filling the space in a lumbar spondylolysis?

A

Spondylolysis ligament

385
Q

What types of neural function(s) have been associated with the spondylolysis ligament?

A

1) Nociception
2) Neuromodulation
3) Autonomic function

386
Q

What is the appearance of the lumbar vertebra upon oblique x-ray view?

A

a Scotty Dog

387
Q

What is the appearance of a pars defect in a lumbar vertebra upon oblique x-ray view?

A

Collared Scotty Dog

388
Q

What is the appearance of a spondylolysis in a lumbar vertebra upon oblique x-ray view?

A

Collared Scotty dog

389
Q

In an oblique x-ray, spondylolysis below the superior articular process of a lumbar pars Interarticularis is associated with what part of the scotty dog?

A

Neck of the Scotty Dog

390
Q

What part of a lumbar vertebra forms the eye of a Scotty dog?

391
Q

What part of a lumbar vertebra forms the ear of a scotty dog?

A

Superior articular facet

392
Q

What part of a lumbar vertebra forms the nose of a scotty dog?

A

Transverse process

393
Q

What is the incidence of sacral spondylolysis in the general population?

A

It’s Rare

394
Q

What ethnic group is associated with a high incidence of sacral spondylolysis?

A

Native Alaskan population

395
Q

Is sacral spondylolysis the result of congenital conditions, acquired conditions or an age -related conditions?

A

Seems to be Acquired.

396
Q

What activities are associated with sacral spondylolysis?

A

Kayaking, Harpooning

397
Q

What is the ethnic, gender, and locational bias associated with sacral spondylolysis?

A

Male, Native Alaskan, S1

398
Q

What is the direction of spondylolisthesis?

A

Anterior or Forward displacement

399
Q

What is the posterior direction of vertebral slippage called?

A

Retrospondylolisthesis or retrolisthesis

400
Q

What are the types/classifications of spondylolisthesis?

A 
Type 1--- Dysplastic spondylolisthesis, Congenital Spondylolisthesis.
Type 2--- Isthmic spondylolisthesis
Type 3--- Degenerative spondylolisthesis
Type 4---Traumatic spondylolisthesis
Type 5--- Pathologic Spondylolisthesis
401
Q

Identify all names given to type 1 spondylolisthesis?

A

Congenital or Dysplastic spondylolisthesis

402
Q

What is the locational bias of Type 1 spondylolisthesis?

A

L5 or upper sacral segments

403
Q

What is the location of the defect associated with type 1 spondylolisthesis?

A

Frequ. the vertebral arch.

404
Q

What additional conditions are linked to type 1 spondylolisthesis?

A

1) Spina bifida occulta

2) Nerve root compression of the S1 nerve

405
Q

Identify all names given to Type II spondylolisthesis?

A

Isthmic Spondylolisthesis

406
Q

Which subtype of type II spondylolisthesis is stressed in spinal II?

A

Lytic spondylolisthesis or Stress fracture induced spondylolisthesis

407
Q

what is the cause most frequently given for type II spondylolisthesis?

A

microfractures as the result of repetitive stress during hyperflexion and rotation

408
Q

What is the age group typically associated with type II spondylolisthesis?

A

Teenage or young adults

409
Q

Will spondylolysis always result in type II spondylolisthesis?

A

No, not in unilateral spondylolysis.

410
Q

What spinal canal dimensions are associated with the Type II spondylolisthesis?

A

Isthmic demonstrates an increase in Sagittal diameter of spinal canal.

411
Q

What is the gender bias and locational bias associated with Type II spondylolisthesis?

A

Isthmic is common in MEN @ L5/S1 level.

412
Q

What conditions are often associated with type III spondylolisthesis?

A

1) Osteoarthritis
2) Intervertebral disc degeneration
3) Ligament laxity
4) Articulate facet remodeling

413
Q

What is the gender bias, locational bias, and spinal canal dimension changes often associated with type III spondylolisthesis?

A

Women >, @ L4/L5

No change in sagittal diameter of spinal canal

414
Q

Identify all names given to type IV spondylolisthesis?

A

Traumatic spondylolisthesis

415
Q

What causes type IV spondylolisthesis?

A

Fracture of Neural Arch components

416
Q

Is there a gender, locational, or age bias associated with type IV spondylolisthesis?

417
Q

Identify all names given to Type V spondylolisthesis?

A

Pathologic spondylolisthesis

418
Q

What are the cause(s) associated with type V spondylolisthesis?

A

1) Bone diseases—–Paget disease or Osteogenesis imperfecta

419
Q

What is the result of type V spondylolisthesis?

A

Bone of neural arch is lengthened thus listhesis occurs.

Spinal TRI 2 (13 decks)

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