Unit 5 Introduction to Basic Arthrology Flashcards
What term is used to identify the study of joints?
Arthrology
What term is used to identify the study of ligaments?
Syndesmology
What are the three histological classifications of joints based on movement potential?
1) Fibrous
2) Cartilaginous
3) Synovial Fluid
What were the three Latin classifications of joints based on movement potential?
1) Synarthrosis
2) Diarthrosis
3) Amphiarthrosis
What is the classification of a plane or gliding synovial joint?
Arthrodia
What is the classification of a hinge type synovial joint?
Ginglymus
What is the classification of a pivot type synovial joint?
Trochoid
What is the classification of a knuckle type synovial joint?
Condylar or bicondylar
What is the classification of an oval-like synovial joint?
ellipsoidal
What is the classification of a saddle type synovial joint?
Sellar
What are the characteristics of the (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis?
Primary Cartilage joints
Temporary in Longevity
Composed of Hyaline cartilage and form between ossification centers w/in a cartilage template.
Which classification of cartilage joint is secondary, permanent, composed of fibrous cartilage (fibrocartilage) and occurs between bones formed by endochondral ossification?
(Amphiarthrosis) Symphysis
What are the four consistent features of synovial (diarthrosis) joints?
Articular or fibrous capsule
Synovial membrane
articular cartilage and Synovial fluid.
What examples of synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodial) joints occur along the vertebral column?
most Zygapophyses of the vertebral column.
What is an example of synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joints along the vertebral column?
median atlanto-axial ligament
What is the shared morphological characteristic of diarthrosis trochoid joints?
Osseous pivot point and an Osteo-ligamentous ring
What example of synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) joint is identified along the spine?
Joint of Luschka of typical cervicals is a modified sellar joint
What example of the diarthrosis condylar joint is identified along the spine?
Atlanto-occipital joint may be classified as a diarthrosis condylar joint
What example of the diarthrosis ellipsoidal joint is identified along the spine?
Atlanto-occipital joint may be classified as a diarthrosis ellipsoidal joint
Which synovial classifications are now often interchanged in textbooks?
Ellipsoidal and condylar synovial joints
Which mammals have more than seven cervical vertebrae?
ant bear, three-toed sloth
Which mammals have less than seven cervical vertebrae?
Manatee, Two-toed sloth
What is the appearance of the typical cervical vertebral body from the lateral view?
Posterior height is greater than anterior height by a few millimeters.
What accounts for the direction of the typical cervical curve?
intervertebral disc height
At which vertebral couple will the cervical curve again increase intervertebral disc height?
C5/C6
What are the names of the lateral modification of the superior epiphyseal rim?
Uncinate process, Unciform process, Uncovertebral process, Uncus or Lateral Lip
What are the modifications of the inferior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?
Anterior Lip
Posterior Lip
Right and Left lateral grooves
What is the joint classification for the anterior lip-anterior longitudinal ligament-anterior groove articulation?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
What is the joint classification for the posterior lip-posterior longitudinal ligament-posterior groove articulation?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
What is the joint classification for the uncinate process-lateral groove articulation?
Modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar)
What is the joint classification for the spongy bone-intervertebral disc articulation?
Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
How many total joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of atypical cervical?
Ten
How many total synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical cervical?
four
What is the functional significance of the joint of Luschka?
It appears to stabilize the intervertebral disc while accommodating flexion– extension and requiring coupled motion (axial rotation with lateral bending) in the cervical spine
What muscle attaches to the typical cervical vertebral body?
Longus colli muscle
What is the orientation and angulation of the pedicle of a typical cervical?
Posterolateral, 45 degree
What is the direction of projection of the cervical lamina?
Posteromedially
What ligament attaches to the lamina of a typical cervical?
Ligamentum flavum
What joint classification will be associated with the ligamentum flavum and its attachment?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
Ossification of the ligamentum flavum at the attachment site on the lamina will result in what feature?
Para-articular processes
Ossification of the ligamentum flavum at the attachment site on the lamina will be associated with which classification of bone?
Accessory Bone
Which is the greatest diameter of the vertebral foramen of typical cervicals?
transverse
The greatest transverse diameter of the typical cervical vertebra occurs at?
C6
The greatest frequency of osteophytes associated with the vertebral body occurs at which typical cervical vertebral couple?
C5/C6
What osseous parts form the typical cervical vertebra transverse process?
Costal element Anterior tubercle, Costotransverse bar Posterior tubercle True transverse process
What muscles will attach to the anterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebra?
anterior scalene, Longus capitis, Longus Colli, Anterior intertransversarii
What muscles may attach to the posterior tubercle of atypical cervical vertebra?
Splenius cervicis Iliocostalis cervicis Longissimus cervicis Levator scapula Middle scalene Posterior scalene Rotators Posterior intertransversarii
What muscles will attach to the costotransverse bar?
middle scalene
Posterior intertransversarii
What produces the primary tension on the transverse process that will cause remodeling in the anterolateral and inferior directions?
cervical spinal nerves as they are directed anterolaterally and inferiorly to form the cervical and brachial plexus
What is the name given to the superior margin of the costotransverse bar?
Sulcus for the Ventral primary ramus of a cervical spinal nerve.
What is the orientation and angulation of atypical cervical transverse process?
60 degrees anterolaterally (from midsagittal plane), 15 degrees inferiorly (from the horizontal plane.
What is the name given to the modification of the anterior tubercle of the C6 transverse process?
Carotid tubercle
What will occupy the typical cervical vertebra transverse foramen?
Vertebral artery
Vertebral venous plexus
postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
What is the name of the surface feature observed between the ends of the articular pillar?
the groove for the dorsal ramus of a cervical spinal nerve
What is the classic angulation of typical cervical articular facets?
40-45 degrees from the coronal plane
Recent work suggests what angulation for typical cervical articular facets?
55-60 degrees
What is the orientation of the typical cervical superior articular facet?
BUM— Backward, Upward, Medial
What is the orientation of the typical cervical inferior articular facet?
FoLD— Forward, Lateral, Downward
What muscles will attach to typical cervical aricular processes?
Longissimus Capitis Longissimus Cervicis Semispinalis Capitis Semispinalis Cervicis Multifidis and Rotator Longus
What muscles blend with the capsular ligament of cervical zygapophysis?
Semispinalis Capitis
Multifidis
Rotator Longus
What modifications of the synovial joint are observed in the cervical spine?
Meniscoidal Folds
The greatest range of flexion - extension among the typical cervical vertebrae occurs at which vertebral couple?
C5/C6
What motions are coupled in the cervical spine?
Lateral bend
Axial rotation
Ranges of coupled motion among the typical cervical vertebrae will be similar for what cervical vertebral couple?
C2/C3, C3/C4, C4/C5 vertebral couples
Ranges of coupled motion among the typical cervical vertebrae will begin to decrease at what cervical vertebral couple?
C5/C6
What is the usual condition for the Caucasian typical cervical spinous process?
They are Bifid
What is the usual condition for the African-American typical cervical spinous process?
They are Non-bifid
What muscles may attach to the typical cervical spinous process?
Spinalis Cervicis Semispinalis Cervicis Semispinalis Thoracis Multifidis Rotator Interspinalis
What ligaments will attach to the typical cervical spinous process?
Interspinous ligament
Ligamentum Nuchae