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WHAP > Unit Six - The Modern Era > Flashcards

Unit Six - The Modern Era Flashcards

1
Q

genocide

A

the deliberate killing of a large group of people (usually by nationality or ethnicity)

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2
Q

World War I

A

war between the Allies and the Central Powers from 1914-1918

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3
Q

World War II

A

war between the Allies and the Axis Powers from 1939-1945

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4
Q

Holocaust

A

Nazi program (under Hitler) of exterminating Jews and other minorities

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5
Q

Great Depression

A

economic disaster; began in the United States in 1929

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6
Q

totalitarianism

A

political system where the state controls virtually every aspect of private and public life

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7
Q

decolonization

A

the process of a colonial power withdrawing from its colonies

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8
Q

superpower

A

an influential and powerful nation - USSR and United States during the Cold War

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9
Q

Cold War

A

a nonconfrontational conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union; became an arms race based on nuclear threat

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10
Q

non-aligned movement

A

a group of states who are neutral (not aligned with either side)

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11
Q

developed world

A

consisting of stable, self-sufficient nations

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12
Q

developing world

A

consisting of unstable, dependent nations (usually those who have recently been decolonized)

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13
Q

globalization

A

international integration

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14
Q

multiculturalism

A

the evolution of cultural diversity

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15
Q

religious fundamentalism

A

(of any religion) strict adherence to the fundamental principles of a faith

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16
Q

terrorism

A

the use of violence in pursuit of political goals

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17
Q

climate change

A

a change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns

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18
Q

Paris Peace Conference

A

meeting of major powers (excluding Germany and Russia) to negotiate the repercussions of World War I

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19
Q

Treaty of Versailles

A

drafted at the Paris Peace Conference; stated terms following the events of World War I and gave Germany especially harsh punishments

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20
Q

trench warfare

A

a system of land warfare that involves the use of trenches and poison gas

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21
Q

Bolshevik Revolution

A

Russian revolution, led by Lenin, that eventually resulted in the formation of the USSR

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22
Q

Soviet Union

A

a Marxist-Leninist state; the world’s first self-proclaimed socialist state

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23
Q

fascism

A

an authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization

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24
Q

Nazism

A

a form of socialism featuring racism, expansionism, and obedience to a powerful leader

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25
Q

Munich Agreement

A

settlement permitting Nazi Germany’s annexation of certain German-speaking regions of Czechoslovakia; this formed the new territory of Sudetenland

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26
Q

Dresden

A

bombed by American and British forces during World War II, leaving thousands dead or displaced

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27
Q

ethnic cleansing

A

mass expulsion or killing of members of an unwanted ethnic or religious group in a society.

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28
Q

Berlin Wall

A

a barrier built to divide free West Germany from socialist East Germany

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29
Q

NATO

A

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; agreement among member states to defend each other should an external force attack (opposite is the Warsaw Pact)

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30
Q

Warsaw Pact

A

agreement among the Cold War’s communist states to defend each other should an external force attack (opposite is NATO)

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31
Q

Gorbachev

A
  • last leader of the Soviet Union
  • liberalization to improve relations with the West
  • reforms led to collapse of communism
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32
Q

Gamal Nasser

A

second president of Egypt who led land reforms

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33
Q

Gulf War

A

dispute over control of the waterway between Iraq and Iran

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34
Q

al-Qaeda

A

militant Islamist organization known for the 9/11 attacks

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35
Q

9/11/2001

A

al-Qaeda crashed airplanes into the World Trade Center as well as other places in the United States

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36
Q

Arab Spring

A

wave of revolutions in the Arab world (began in December 2010)

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37
Q

Kwame Nkrumah

A

first president of Ghana

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38
Q

pan-Africanism

A

the philosophy that all of Africa should be one unified state

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39
Q

African National Congress

A

organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa

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40
Q

Nelson Mandela

A

political figure who played a major role in the South African anti-apartheid movement

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41
Q

HIV/AIDS

A

immune system diseases that are a growing problem in Africa

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42
Q

authoritarianism

A

a political system of blind submission to authority

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43
Q

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

A

Japanese cities that were bombed by the United States in World War II

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44
Q

Mao Zedong

A

face of the Chinese Communist Party

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45
Q

People’s Republic of China

A

communist China

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46
Q

Great Leap Forward

A

economic and social plan aimed to modernize and industrialize China

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47
Q

apartheid of South Africa

A

policy of racial segregation between whites and people of color in South Africa

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48
Q

Cultural Revolution

A

Mao Zedong’s campaign in China to instill revolutionary values among the younger generation

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49
Q

Korean War

A

conflict between communist North Korea and non-communist South Korea

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50
Q

Deng Xiaoping

A

Chinese Communist Party leader who took charge after the death of Mao Zedong

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51
Q

Tiananmen Square

A

demonstration by students in Beijing who wanted more political openness and freedom

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52
Q

Indian National Congress

A

a movement in India founded as a demand for greater Indian participation in government

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53
Q

Monhandas Gandhi

A

peaceful leader of India’s independence movement

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54
Q

Jawaharlal Nehru

A

led INC after Gandhi and became India’s first prime minister

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55
Q

Vietnam War

A

conflict between communist North Vietnam and non-communist South Vietnam

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56
Q

Ho Chi Minh

A

key figure in foundation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam

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57
Q

Cuban Missile Crisis

A

confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over the presence of missile sites in Cuba

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58
Q

Fidel Castro

A

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew the dictator and established Cuba as a Marxist, socialist state

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59
Q

League of Nations

A

diplomatic organization created after World War I

60
Q

United Nations

A

international organization founded to promote peace and cooperation after World War II (replaced League of Nations)

61
Q

proxy war

A

a war instigated by a major power that does not itself become involved

62
Q

European Union

A

an association of European nations formed for the purpose of achieving political and economic integration

63
Q

NAFTA

A

allows open trade between the United States, Mexico, and Canada

64
Q

propaganda

A

biased or misleading information designed to draw support for a political cause

65
Q

Bretton Woods system

A

fully negotiated monetary order intended to govern monetary relations among independent nation-states

66
Q

Marshall Plan

A

American economic initiative to aid Europe following the damage caused by World War II

67
Q

euro

A

common currency among European nations

68
Q

Augusto Pinochet

A

dictator of Chile

69
Q

Joseph Stalin

A

leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Lenin

70
Q

Chernobyl

A

site of a catastrophic nuclear accident in Ukraine

71
Q

USSR

A

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

72
Q

ebola

A

rare and deadly virus

73
Q

Green Revolution

A

a series of developments and initiatives that increased agricultural production, therefore saving millions from starvation

74
Q

Franz Ferdinand

A

archduke of Austria-Hungary who was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist (Gavrilo Princip); this event caused World War I

75
Q

Triple Alliance

A

military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy prior to World War I

76
Q

Triple Entente

A

military alliance between Russia, France, and Britain prior to World War I

77
Q

Schlieffen Plan

A

Germany’s “revolving door” plan to win World War I

78
Q

All Quiet on the Western Front

A

book written by a German World War I veteran that depicted the true horrors of being a soldier during this conflict

79
Q

submarine warfare

A

(first used by Germany) the use of submarines and naval strategies in war

80
Q

Lusitania

A

British passenger ship holding Americans that was sunk by German u-boats, thus angering America and inspiring them to join the war

81
Q

Fourteen Points

A

Woodrow Wilson’s post-WWI plan

82
Q

interwar period

A

the era between the two world wars

83
Q

Bolsheviks

A

radical Marxist political party in Russia

84
Q

Vladimir Lenin

A

founder of the Bolshevik Party

85
Q

Five-Year Plans

A

initiatives implemented over the course of Stalin’s rule with goals of modernizing and collectivizing land

86
Q

gulags

A

labor camps in the Soviet Union

87
Q

kulaks

A

wealthy farmers who were persecuted in the Soviet Union

88
Q

Benito Mussolini

A

dictator of Italy who founded fascism

89
Q

Weimar Republic

A

Germany’s government prior to the rise of the Nazi Party

90
Q

Nazi Party

A

German political party led by Hitler

91
Q

Adolf Hitler

A

dictator of Germany, leader of the Nazi Party, and responsible for the Holocaust

92
Q

Mein Kampf

A

(“My Struggle”) Hitler’s autobiographical manifesto

93
Q

Nuremberg Laws

A

anti-Jewish statutes established by Germany

94
Q

Kristallnacht

A

anti-Jewish riots in Germany that involved the destroying of Jewish property

95
Q

Ataturk

A

founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey

96
Q

Kuomintang

A

Chinese Nationalist Party

97
Q

Rape of Nanjing

A

following the Japanese capture of Nanjing, tens of thousands were raped and/or murdered by the Japanese army

98
Q

satyagraha

A

(literally “truth force”) Gandhi’s belief in peaceful protest

99
Q

Mexican Revolution

A

ousted Porfirio Diaz from power in Mexico

100
Q

Axis Powers

A

alliance of Italy, Germany, and Japan (WWII)

101
Q

Allied Powers

A

alliance of the United States, Russia, Britain, France, and many other countries (WWII)

102
Q

collectivization

A

consolidation of land and labor into collective farms

103
Q

blitzkrieg

A

“lightning war”

104
Q

Operation Barbarossa

A

Nazi Germany’s invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II

105
Q

Pearl Harbor

A

bombing of a United States naval base by Japan, causing the United States to join World War II

106
Q

Stalingrad

A

Russian city; turning point in the war between Germany and Russia

107
Q

Midway

A

location of U.S. victory over Japanese naval fleet during WWII

108
Q

D-Day

A

storming of Nazi-occupied beaches in France; major contribution to the allies’ victory in WWII

109
Q

concentration camp

A

work camps where people were confined and forced to work during the Holocaust

110
Q

ghetto

A

slums where Jewish people were forced to live during WWII

111
Q

Auschwitz

A

large concentration camp

112
Q

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

A

international document of human rights created after the horrors of WWII and the Holocaust

113
Q

arms race

A

a competition between nations for superiority and weapons

114
Q

Sharpeville massacre

A

police brutality against black protesters in South Africa

115
Q

All-India Muslim League

A

Indian political organization aimed to protect the rights and interests of the region’s Muslim population

116
Q

Sukarno

A

first president of Indonesia

117
Q

Che Guevara

A

Argentine Marxist who became a major figure of the Cuban Revolution

118
Q

Osama bin Laden

A

Saudi Arabian founder of al-Qaeda

119
Q

Chinua Achebe

A

author of Things Fall Apart, which depicts the effects of colonization on the Ibo tribe in Africa

120
Q

polio vaccine

A

vaccinations that fight polio

121
Q

penicillin

A

antibiotics

122
Q

World Bank

A

UN financial institution that provides loans to struggling countries

123
Q

International Monetary Fund

A

international organization for regulation of the global economy

124
Q

Jim Crow laws

A

segregation laws in the United States

125
Q

segregation

A

separation of people (usually by race) in a community

126
Q

The Feminine Mystique

A

book which sparked the second-wave feminist movement

127
Q

The Second Sex

A

book by Simone de Beauvoir - analyzes women’s position as “second” and “inferior” in society

128
Q

feminist movement

A

a series of campaigns aimed to advance the rights of women

129
Q

reproductive rights

A

rights and freedoms relating to reproduction and reproductive health

130
Q

Silent Spring

A

book written by Rachel Carson which inspired an environmental movement

131
Q

Greenpeace

A

non-governmental, international environmental organization

132
Q

dust bowl crisis

A

period of severe dust storms in the central United States that disrupted agriculture

133
Q

New Deal

A

series of domestic programs in the United States; initiated by Franklin D. Roosevelt

134
Q

total war

A

war that is unrestricted

135
Q

guomindang

A

Chinese nationalist political party

136
Q

Khrushchev

A

Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis; denounced Stalin publicly

137
Q

Zhenotdel

A

women’s department of the Russian Communist Party who made advancements in women’s rights

138
Q

Great Purges

A

campaign of political repression under Stalin

139
Q

perestroika

A

Gorbachev’s glasnot (“openness”) reform movement

140
Q

Soweto

A

South African mining town

141
Q

Ayatollah Khomeini

A

Iranian political figure who, during his rule, reinstated traditional Islamic law systems

142
Q

Global North

A

refers to the “developed” countries of the world

143
Q

Global South

A

refers to the “developing” countries of the world

144
Q

Hindutva

A

a form of Hindu nationalism in Inda

145
Q

environmentalism

A

broad philosophy regarding concerns for the environment

146
Q

antiglobalization

A

social movement that is critical of globalization and capitalism

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