Unit Six - The Modern Era Flashcards
1
Q
genocide
A
the deliberate killing of a large group of people (usually by nationality or ethnicity)
2
Q
World War I
A
war between the Allies and the Central Powers from 1914-1918
3
Q
World War II
A
war between the Allies and the Axis Powers from 1939-1945
4
Q
Holocaust
A
Nazi program (under Hitler) of exterminating Jews and other minorities
5
Q
Great Depression
A
economic disaster; began in the United States in 1929
6
Q
totalitarianism
A
political system where the state controls virtually every aspect of private and public life
7
Q
decolonization
A
the process of a colonial power withdrawing from its colonies
8
Q
superpower
A
an influential and powerful nation - USSR and United States during the Cold War
9
Q
Cold War
A
a nonconfrontational conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union; became an arms race based on nuclear threat
10
Q
non-aligned movement
A
a group of states who are neutral (not aligned with either side)
11
Q
developed world
A
consisting of stable, self-sufficient nations
12
Q
developing world
A
consisting of unstable, dependent nations (usually those who have recently been decolonized)
13
Q
globalization
A
international integration
14
Q
multiculturalism
A
the evolution of cultural diversity
15
Q
religious fundamentalism
A
(of any religion) strict adherence to the fundamental principles of a faith
16
Q
terrorism
A
the use of violence in pursuit of political goals
17
Q
climate change
A
a change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns
18
Q
Paris Peace Conference
A
meeting of major powers (excluding Germany and Russia) to negotiate the repercussions of World War I
19
Q
Treaty of Versailles
A
drafted at the Paris Peace Conference; stated terms following the events of World War I and gave Germany especially harsh punishments
20
Q
trench warfare
A
a system of land warfare that involves the use of trenches and poison gas
21
Q
Bolshevik Revolution
A
Russian revolution, led by Lenin, that eventually resulted in the formation of the USSR
22
Q
Soviet Union
A
a Marxist-Leninist state; the world’s first self-proclaimed socialist state
23
Q
fascism
A
an authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization
24
Q
Nazism
A
a form of socialism featuring racism, expansionism, and obedience to a powerful leader
25
Munich Agreement
settlement permitting Nazi Germany's annexation of certain German-speaking regions of Czechoslovakia; this formed the new territory of Sudetenland
26
Dresden
bombed by American and British forces during World War II, leaving thousands dead or displaced
27
ethnic cleansing
mass expulsion or killing of members of an unwanted ethnic or religious group in a society.
28
Berlin Wall
a barrier built to divide free West Germany from socialist East Germany
29
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization; agreement among member states to defend each other should an external force attack (opposite is the Warsaw Pact)
30
Warsaw Pact
agreement among the Cold War's communist states to defend each other should an external force attack (opposite is NATO)
31
Gorbachev
* last leader of the Soviet Union
* liberalization to improve relations with the West
* reforms led to collapse of communism
32
Gamal Nasser
second president of Egypt who led land reforms
33
Gulf War
dispute over control of the waterway between Iraq and Iran
34
al-Qaeda
militant Islamist organization known for the 9/11 attacks
35
9/11/2001
al-Qaeda crashed airplanes into the World Trade Center as well as other places in the United States
36
Arab Spring
wave of revolutions in the Arab world (began in December 2010)
37
Kwame Nkrumah
first president of Ghana
38
pan-Africanism
the philosophy that all of Africa should be one unified state
39
African National Congress
organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa
40
Nelson Mandela
political figure who played a major role in the South African anti-apartheid movement
41
HIV/AIDS
immune system diseases that are a growing problem in Africa
42
authoritarianism
a political system of blind submission to authority
43
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Japanese cities that were bombed by the United States in World War II
44
Mao Zedong
face of the Chinese Communist Party
45
People's Republic of China
communist China
46
Great Leap Forward
economic and social plan aimed to modernize and industrialize China
47
apartheid of South Africa
policy of racial segregation between whites and people of color in South Africa
48
Cultural Revolution
Mao Zedong's campaign in China to instill revolutionary values among the younger generation
49
Korean War
conflict between communist North Korea and non-communist South Korea
50
Deng Xiaoping
Chinese Communist Party leader who took charge after the death of Mao Zedong
51
Tiananmen Square
demonstration by students in Beijing who wanted more political openness and freedom
52
Indian National Congress
a movement in India founded as a demand for greater Indian participation in government
53
Monhandas Gandhi
peaceful leader of India's independence movement
54
Jawaharlal Nehru
led INC after Gandhi and became India's first prime minister
55
Vietnam War
conflict between communist North Vietnam and non-communist South Vietnam
56
Ho Chi Minh
key figure in foundation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
57
Cuban Missile Crisis
confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over the presence of missile sites in Cuba
58
Fidel Castro
Cuban socialist leader who overthrew the dictator and established Cuba as a Marxist, socialist state
59
League of Nations
diplomatic organization created after World War I
60
United Nations
international organization founded to promote peace and cooperation after World War II (replaced League of Nations)
61
proxy war
a war instigated by a major power that does not itself become involved
62
European Union
an association of European nations formed for the purpose of achieving political and economic integration
63
NAFTA
allows open trade between the United States, Mexico, and Canada
64
propaganda
biased or misleading information designed to draw support for a political cause
65
Bretton Woods system
fully negotiated monetary order intended to govern monetary relations among independent nation-states
66
Marshall Plan
American economic initiative to aid Europe following the damage caused by World War II
67
euro
common currency among European nations
68
Augusto Pinochet
dictator of Chile
69
Joseph Stalin
leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Lenin
70
Chernobyl
site of a catastrophic nuclear accident in Ukraine
71
USSR
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
72
ebola
rare and deadly virus
73
Green Revolution
a series of developments and initiatives that increased agricultural production, therefore saving millions from starvation
74
Franz Ferdinand
archduke of Austria-Hungary who was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist (Gavrilo Princip); this event caused World War I
75
Triple Alliance
military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy prior to World War I
76
Triple Entente
military alliance between Russia, France, and Britain prior to World War I
77
Schlieffen Plan
Germany's "revolving door" plan to win World War I
78
All Quiet on the Western Front
book written by a German World War I veteran that depicted the true horrors of being a soldier during this conflict
79
submarine warfare
(first used by Germany) the use of submarines and naval strategies in war
80
Lusitania
British passenger ship holding Americans that was sunk by German u-boats, thus angering America and inspiring them to join the war
81
Fourteen Points
Woodrow Wilson's post-WWI plan
82
interwar period
the era between the two world wars
83
Bolsheviks
radical Marxist political party in Russia
84
Vladimir Lenin
founder of the Bolshevik Party
85
Five-Year Plans
initiatives implemented over the course of Stalin's rule with goals of modernizing and collectivizing land
86
gulags
labor camps in the Soviet Union
87
kulaks
wealthy farmers who were persecuted in the Soviet Union
88
Benito Mussolini
dictator of Italy who founded fascism
89
Weimar Republic
Germany's government prior to the rise of the Nazi Party
90
Nazi Party
German political party led by Hitler
91
Adolf Hitler
dictator of Germany, leader of the Nazi Party, and responsible for the Holocaust
92
Mein Kampf
("My Struggle") Hitler's autobiographical manifesto
93
Nuremberg Laws
anti-Jewish statutes established by Germany
94
Kristallnacht
anti-Jewish riots in Germany that involved the destroying of Jewish property
95
Ataturk
founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey
96
Kuomintang
Chinese Nationalist Party
97
Rape of Nanjing
following the Japanese capture of Nanjing, tens of thousands were raped and/or murdered by the Japanese army
98
satyagraha
(literally "truth force") Gandhi's belief in peaceful protest
99
Mexican Revolution
ousted Porfirio Diaz from power in Mexico
100
Axis Powers
alliance of Italy, Germany, and Japan (WWII)
101
Allied Powers
alliance of the United States, Russia, Britain, France, and many other countries (WWII)
102
collectivization
consolidation of land and labor into collective farms
103
blitzkrieg
"lightning war"
104
Operation Barbarossa
Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II
105
Pearl Harbor
bombing of a United States naval base by Japan, causing the United States to join World War II
106
Stalingrad
Russian city; turning point in the war between Germany and Russia
107
Midway
location of U.S. victory over Japanese naval fleet during WWII
108
D-Day
storming of Nazi-occupied beaches in France; major contribution to the allies' victory in WWII
109
concentration camp
work camps where people were confined and forced to work during the Holocaust
110
ghetto
slums where Jewish people were forced to live during WWII
111
Auschwitz
large concentration camp
112
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
international document of human rights created after the horrors of WWII and the Holocaust
113
arms race
a competition between nations for superiority and weapons
114
Sharpeville massacre
police brutality against black protesters in South Africa
115
All-India Muslim League
Indian political organization aimed to protect the rights and interests of the region's Muslim population
116
Sukarno
first president of Indonesia
117
Che Guevara
Argentine Marxist who became a major figure of the Cuban Revolution
118
Osama bin Laden
Saudi Arabian founder of al-Qaeda
119
Chinua Achebe
author of Things Fall Apart, which depicts the effects of colonization on the Ibo tribe in Africa
120
polio vaccine
vaccinations that fight polio
121
penicillin
antibiotics
122
World Bank
UN financial institution that provides loans to struggling countries
123
International Monetary Fund
international organization for regulation of the global economy
124
Jim Crow laws
segregation laws in the United States
125
segregation
separation of people (usually by race) in a community
126
The Feminine Mystique
book which sparked the second-wave feminist movement
127
The Second Sex
book by Simone de Beauvoir - analyzes women's position as "second" and "inferior" in society
128
feminist movement
a series of campaigns aimed to advance the rights of women
129
reproductive rights
rights and freedoms relating to reproduction and reproductive health
130
Silent Spring
book written by Rachel Carson which inspired an environmental movement
131
Greenpeace
non-governmental, international environmental organization
132
dust bowl crisis
period of severe dust storms in the central United States that disrupted agriculture
133
New Deal
series of domestic programs in the United States; initiated by Franklin D. Roosevelt
134
total war
war that is unrestricted
135
guomindang
Chinese nationalist political party
136
Khrushchev
Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis; denounced Stalin publicly
137
Zhenotdel
women's department of the Russian Communist Party who made advancements in women's rights
138
Great Purges
campaign of political repression under Stalin
139
perestroika
Gorbachev's glasnot ("openness") reform movement
140
Soweto
South African mining town
141
Ayatollah Khomeini
Iranian political figure who, during his rule, reinstated traditional Islamic law systems
142
Global North
refers to the "developed" countries of the world
143
Global South
refers to the "developing" countries of the world
144
Hindutva
a form of Hindu nationalism in Inda
145
environmentalism
broad philosophy regarding concerns for the environment
146
antiglobalization
social movement that is critical of globalization and capitalism
