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Unit One - First Humans Flashcards

1
Q

Stone Age

A
  • period of 2.5 million to 5000 years ago
  • kinship-based
  • hunting and gathering
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2
Q

Neolithic Revolution

A
  • 8000 B.C.E.
  • development of metal and stone tools
  • domestication of animals and plants = pastoralism and agriculture
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3
Q

pastoralism

A

branch of agriculture concerned with raising livestock

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4
Q

agriculture

A

the practice of farming

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5
Q

metallurgy

A

the branch of science concerned with studying metals

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6
Q

civilization

A

a sedentary society capable of agricultural production, city-building, and political organization

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7
Q

first civilizations (four + rivers)

A
  • between 3500 and 2000 B.C.E.
  • Mesopotamia (Tigris and Euphrates)
  • Egypt (Nile)
  • Indus Cities: Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa (Indus River)
  • Shang China (Yellow River or Huang He)
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8
Q

Olmecs

A
  • ancient Central American civilization
  • polytheistic
  • large trade network
  • human sacrifice
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9
Q

Chavin

A
  • ancient Andean civilization
  • difficult mountain terrain
  • internal trade
  • polytheistic
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10
Q

Paleolithic Era

A
  • early Stone Age

* hunting and gathering

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11
Q

Neolithic Era

A
  • recent Stone Age

* agriculture and pastoralism

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12
Q

irrigation

A

the artificial application of water to land and soil

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13
Q

ancestor veneration

A

philosophy where it is believed that the dead have a continued presence

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14
Q

shamanism

A

philosophy where shamans act as intermediaries between the dead and the living

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15
Q

animism

A

philosophy where it is believed that all beings have souls

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16
Q

polytheism

A

belief in multiple gods

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17
Q

cuneiform

A

ancient Mesopotamian form of writing and record-keeping

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18
Q

hieroglyphs

A

ancient Egyptian form of writing and record-keeping

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19
Q

Vedism

A

religion of ancient Indo-European peoples

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20
Q

quipu

A

ancient Andean form of record-keeping by the use of knotted strings

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21
Q

Homer(us)

A

Greek author of epic poems and the first known European literature - the Iliad and the Odyssey

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22
Q

early technologies

A

pottery, hoes and plows, textiles, wheels, calendars, metallurgy, horse-riding, chariots, bows and arrows

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23
Q

monarchy

A

rule by a single leader

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24
Q

oligarchy

A

rule by a small elite

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25
Code of Hammurabi
Babylonian code of law
26
Mandate of Heaven
belief that rulers are given the right to rule by a higher power, therefore they should be respected as near-divine
27
early trade networks
Egyptian-Nubian, Mesopotamian-Indus, Phoenician
28
patriarchy
male-dominated social structure
29
egalitarian
social structure built on equality
30
homo sapiens
the human species
31
Bering land bridge
connected span of land that allowed peoples to migrate to the Americas
32
kinship groups
clusters of extended family to form bands and tribes
33
nomadic
groups that move to follow game or seasonal patterns
34
Mesopotamian groups
Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians, Hittites
35
ziggurat
a Mesopotamian temple
36
pharoah
a monarch of Egypt thought to be an incarnation of the sun god
37
pictographs
Chinese system of writing
38
feudalism
a form of leadership in which a weak monarch governs multiple decentralized and militarized political units
39
Shang dynasty
* first Chinese dynasty * led by warrior aristocracy * expanded through conquest
40
Zhou dynasty
* second Chinese dynasty | * feudalistic dynasty
41
bureaucracy
a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives
42
Hebrews
developed first monotheistic religion - Judaism
43
Phoenicians
* Mediterranean group * Syria and Lebanon * trade * created alphabet
44
Hyksos
people who conquered Egypt
45
slavery
the most common form of forced labor
46
indentured servitude / debt slavery
labor as a form of repayment for a debt
47
Zoroastrianism
* ancient, monotheistic, Iranian religion * founder = Zoroaster * belief in cosmic struggle of Ahura Mazda vs. Ahriman
48
Judaism
* created by Hebrews * first monotheistic faith * holy text = Torah * holy land = Canaan
49
dreamtime
ancient Aboriginal belief that every landform was created for a reason
50
San of Southern Africa
* egalitarian * small, mobile groups * ate from the land
51
Chumash of Southern California
* complex society * inequality (chiefs as political leaders) * skill specialization * ate from the sea * currency
52
Paleolithic rock art
cave art during the Paleolithic times
53
Venus figurines
female figurines found in Europe
54
Clovis culture
the first clearly-defined and widespread culture of the Americas
55
extinction
arrival of homo sapiens brings extinction of some plants and animals as well as other hominids (Neanderthals)
56
trance dance
shaman method of reaching the impersonal force running throughout natural order
57
"insulting the meat"
San method of maintaining equality by insulting a hunter's kills so that he remains modest
58
Brotherhood of the Tomol
a group of Chumash boat builders that invented the tomol (a type of canoe) and formed an elite craft guild
59
Norte Chico
ancient Peruvian society
60
Uruk
ancient city of Sumer
61
Epic of Gilgamesh
Mesopotamian epic poem
62
Bantu migration
spread of the Bantu peoples through Africa
63
chiefdom
societies ruled by chiefs
64
Fertile Crescent
arable region in Southwest Asia (Mesopotamia)
65
diffusion
the spread of something more widely
66
Ice Age
a time of extreme cold that is unsuitable for agriculture

WHAP (10 decks)

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