Unit Five - Industrialization and Revolution Flashcards
American Revolution
war aimed to get rid of the British in America and protect the rights of citizens; began with Declaration of Independence
French Revolution
began out of frustration with the absolute monarchy; many stages; ended in Napoleon’s rule
Industrial Revolution
- transformation of economy, environment, and living conditions
- began in England
- steam engines, mechanization of manufacturing, transit, communications
socialism
a system of social organization that advocates giving ownership and control of property to the community as a whole
Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution
Napoleonic Wars
a series of wars that were led by Napoleon
Congress of Vienna
meeting of European representatives to reestablish old order after the defeat of Napoleon
women’s suffrage
a movement aimed to give women the right to vote
Tanzimat reforms
an Ottoman reform movement (led by Sultan Abdulmecid I) aimed to restore old Ottoman greatness by implementing factories, modern agriculture and technology, and secular laws/education
Young Ottomans
Ottoman reform movement; supporters believed that Tanzimat reforms weren’t enough so they aimed to modernize and create a constitution/democracy
Young Turks
Ottoman reform movement; aimed to secularize in courts, law codes, and family law as well as modernize in general
Berlin Conference
a European meeting in which European powers decided on rules for colonization in Africa
Belgian Congo
- ruled by Leopold II of Belgium
* rubber production with terrible conditions - severed hands
scramble for Africa
the race among European powers to colonize the most land in Africa
Opium Wars
- wars between Qing and British
* Qing wouldn’t let British import opium into China
unequal treaties
system allowing Western nations to own and conduct business (according to their own rules) in certain areas of China
Self-Strengthening Movement
- Chinese movement aimed to reinvigorate traditional Chinese systems
- led by government
- to fix exam systems, modernize shipyards, fix textile factories
Taiping Rebellion
Chinese movement to restore China to its idealized past by industrializing and eliminating harmful practices (opium, foot binding, prostitution)
Boxer Rebellion
- Chinese movement aimed to expel all foreigners from China
- led by Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists
- tried to kill all foreigners at once (failed)
Matthew Perry
U.S. commodore; opened Japan to Western trade
Meiji Restoration
movement where a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism
Russo-Japanese War
war between Russia and Japan (Japan wins)
Sepoy Rebellion
revolt of Indian soldiers against British due to anger that violated certain religious practices - cartridges
Thomas Jefferson
principal author of the Declaration of Independence
Declaration of Independence
American document declaring independence from Britain
Louisiana Purchase
French territory in the central U.S. that was acquired by America in 1803
“manifest destiny”
the American attitude that the U.S. should stretch from the Pacific to the Atlantic
Trail of Tears
the path of Cherokees as they migrated under the Indian Removal Policy
U.S. Civil War
war between the northern and southern U.S. over the rights of states and slavery
Haitian Revolution
only successful slave revolt in history
Toussaint L’Ouverture
leader of the Haitian Revolution
Simon Bolivar
military leader in South America’s struggle for independence
caudillos
creole military dictators
Monroe Doctrine
American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere
white man’s burden
coined by Rudyard Kipling - idea that whites, being “superior”, were responsible for “civilizing” other places in the world
Social Darwinism
application of evolutionary ideas to human cities, therefore justifying imperialism
Montesquieu
Enlightenment thinker who advocated separation of powers
Rousseau
Enlightenment thinker who outlined the role of government
romanticism
anti-Enlightenment artistic movement - focused on expression and emotions
realism
anti-romanticism artistic movement - sought to portray truth
conservatism
philosophy that promotes retaining traditional social institutions in the context of the culture
liberalism
worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality
capitalism
privatized, individual-based trade and industry
Adam Smith
Enlightenment thinker who outlined the principles of modern economics
communism
a politcal structure characterized by a classless and stateless society
Karl Marx
wrote the Communist Manifesto, which outlined the basic principles of communism
Charles Darwin
developed the theory of evolution
nationalism
pride in and extreme loyalty to one’s nation
Albert Einstein
father of modern quantum physics
Sigmund Freud
father of psychoanalysis
Dream of the Red Chamber
famous work of Chinese literature
literacy
the ability to read and write
Enlightenment
philosophical movement that focused on human reasoning, natural science, and political/ethical philosophy
middle class
large social group between the upper and working classes
Irish potato famine
caused many Irish to migrate because of starvation risks
Mary Wollstonecraft
early feminist; author of A Vindication of the Rights of Women
domestic sphere
the perceived sphere of women during the Industrial Revolution (care of the home and family)
Susan B. Anthony
driving force of the women’s suffrage movent
Seneca Falls Convention
the first women’s rights convention
industrial-era diseases
cholera, tuberculosis
Panama Canal
ship canal cut across Panama by the United States
Erie Canal
ship canal in New York
industrialization
the process of becoming industrialized
Latin American Wars of Independence
wave of independence movements following the American and French revolutions
Louis XVI
king of France at the commencement of the French Revolution (executed during by guillotine)
Estates General
assembly representing the “whole” of the French population in three groups - clergy, nobles, everyone else
storming of the Bastille
raid of the Bastille by the third estate for weapons and ammunition
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
created by the French National Assembly to give rights to all (except women)
Maximilien Robespierre
important figure during the Reign of Terror - execution ended the era
Committee of Public Saftey
group during the French Revolution whose rule initiated the Reign of Terror
Reign of Terror
period during the French Revolution characterized by thousands of executions and imprisonments
Napoleon Bonaparte
Corsican noble who came to be elected emperor of France (after the revolution)
Napoleonic Code
(Civil Code) claims that all men are equal, education and jobs are based on merit, private property is protected
Waterloo
Napoleon finally loses because everything goes wrong
Mexican War of Independence
armed conflict resulting in the end of Spain’s rule in Mexico
Miguel Hidalgo
Mexican priest who led the first stage of Mexico’s struggle for independence
Suez Canal
ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea
Communist Manifesto
document outlining the principles of communism
Abdul Hamid II
Ottoman sultan deposed after the Young Turk movement
Zanzibar
coastal trade town on the coast of East Africa
Lin Zexu
Chinese scholar who forcefully opposed the opium trade
Aborigines
original inhabitants of Australia
Catherine the Great
ruler of Russia who encouraged science, arts, and literature
deism
Enlightenment philosophy that God created the world but then left it to be governed by natural laws
atheism
Enlightenment religious affiliation that claimed belief in no gods or deities
proletariat
working-class people (this term is often associated with Marxism)
abolitionism
the movement concerned with the elimination of slavery
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
leading figure of the early women’s rights movement
maternal feminism
philosophy that women should have more rights solely for the purpose of them being better wives and mothers
steam engine
a machine that burns fuel in order to move
Russian Revolution of 1905
a wave of social and political unrest that spread through the Russian Empire
lower middle class
the bottom sector of the middle class
middle-class values
hard work, thrift, honesty
progressives
advocates of intense social and political change
the “sick man of Europe”
name for the Ottoman Empire as its power declined and it fell behind other European nations
informal empire
spheres of influence
cash-crop agriculture
agriculture based solely on production of crops for export and profit (not self-sustenance)
Africanization of Christianity
the process of Christianity becoming more syncretic as it spread throughout Africa and mixed with local tradtions
Swami Vivekananda
famous Hindu monk
Edward Blyden
father of pan-Africanism
Cixi
dowager empress who supported the Boxer Rebellion
Second Industrial Revolution
- second wave of industrialization
- 1860s
- steel, chemicals, electricity
Treaty of Nanjing
the creation of unequal treaties between the U.S. and China
Crimean War
war between Russia and Europe; fought on the Crimean peninsula
Hong Xiuquan
leader of the Taiping Rebellion
National Assembly
French revolutionary assembly formed by members of the third estate
Marxism
philosophies of Karl Marx (similar to communism)
