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Honors Biology > Unit II "Cells" > Flashcards

Unit II "Cells" Flashcards

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1
Q

hydrocarbons

A

contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms

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2
Q

what are the three categories of large biological molecules?

A

carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

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3
Q

polymers

A

large molecules made up of monomers

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4
Q

what is the process that cells use to link monomers into polymers?

A

dehydration synthesis

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5
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

chemical reaction that removes a molecule of water

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6
Q

what is the process that breaks down polymers?

A

hydrolysis

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7
Q

hydrolysis

A

breaks bonds between monomers by adding water to them

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8
Q

carbohydrates

A

class of molecules that include sugars and polymers

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9
Q

monosaccharides

A

monomers of carbohydrates

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10
Q

disaccharide

A

two monosaccharides linked by dehydration synthesis

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11
Q

polysaccharides

A

long chains of sugars

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12
Q

hydrophobic vs hydrophilic

A

water fearing vs water loving

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13
Q

do lipids fear water or do they mix well with water?

A

lipids are hydrophobic

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14
Q

protein

A

polymer of amino acid monomers

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15
Q

amino acid

A

central carbon atom bonded to four covalent partners

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16
Q

peptide bond

A

bond between adjacent amino acids

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17
Q

polypeptide

A

long chain of amino acids

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18
Q

cell theory

A

all living things the composed of cells and all cells come from other cells

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19
Q

what is the function of a plasma membrane?

A

regulates the traffic o molecules between the cell and its surroundings

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20
Q

what is the function of ribosomes?

A

build proteins according to instructions from the genes

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21
Q

what is the function of the nucleus? (what is it surrounded by?)

A

houses most of a eukaryotic cells’s DNA; surrounded by a double membrane

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22
Q

prokaryotes do not have a nucleus, but they do have a “nucleus-like” region called?

A

nucleoid (not partitioned from rest of cell)

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23
Q

what organelles do animal cells and plant cells NOT have in common? what functions do those organelles have?

A

plant cells: chloroplasts (perform photosynthesis)

animal cells: lysosomes (digestive enzymes)

24
Q

phospholipids

A

two fatty acid tails along with a phosphate group

25
Q

which parts of a phospholipid are hydrophobic and which are hydrophilic?

A

phosphate groups is hydrophilic; fatty acid tails are hydrophobic

26
Q

chromatic

A

fibers made of long DNA molecules and associated proteins

27
Q

what is the function of the nucleolus?

A

site where components of ribosomes are made

28
Q

what are the functions of the rough ER?

A

multiple:

1) make more membrane
2) ribosomes attached to ER produce proteins which enter into the growing ER membrane, and then are transported to other organelles

29
Q

transport vesicles

A

sacs made of membrane that bud off from the rough ER

30
Q

what is the function of the smooth ER?

A

synthesis of lipids (including steroids)

31
Q

what is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

receives, refines, stores, and distributes chemical products of the cell

32
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria?

A

harvests energy from sugars and other food molecules and uses it to produce another form of chemical energy called ATP

33
Q

activation energy

A

activates the reactants and triggers chemical reactions

34
Q

substrate

A

material upon which an enzyme acts

35
Q

active site

A

region of the enzyme that has the shape and chemistry to fit the substrate molecule

36
Q

diffusion

A

movement of molecules spreading out evenly onto the available space

37
Q

semi-permeable

A

(cell membrane) only certain substances are allowed to pass

38
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

39
Q

plasmolysis

A

cells lose water in a hypertonic solution

40
Q

hypertonic

A

solution with a higher concentration of solute

41
Q

hypotonic

A

solution with a lower solute concentration

42
Q

exocytosis

A

proteins exit the cell in transport vesicles that fuse with the membrane, spilling the contents outside the cell

43
Q

endocytosis

A

cell takes material in via vesicles that bud inward

44
Q

phagocytosis

A

cell engulfs a particle and packages it within a food vacuole

45
Q

pinocytosis

A

cellular drinking

46
Q

cell cycle

A

ordered sequence of events that extends from the time a cell is formed to the time it divides into two cells

47
Q

interphase

A

time when cell performs its normal functions within the organism

48
Q

mitosis

A

nucleus divides and contents are evenly distributed, forming two daughter nuclei

49
Q

cytokinesis

A

cytoplasm is divided into two

50
Q

interphase

A

chromosomes duplicate, copies remain attached to each other

51
Q

prophase

A

chromosomes condense in nucleus and become visible. spindle forms in cytoplasm

52
Q

prometaphase

A

nuclear membrane breaks, spindle starts to interact with chromosomes

53
Q

metaphase

A

copied chromosomes align in the equator of the spindle

54
Q

anaphase

A

chromosomes separate into two genetically identical groups and move to opposite sides of the spindle

55
Q

telophase

A

nucleus membranes form around each set of chromosomes, spindle continues to break down

56
Q

cell plate

A

appears in cytokinesis of a plant cell

Honors Biology (11 decks)

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