unit four last sac- chapter 15 jac plus

Question 1

cardiovascular physiological adaptations aerobic training

increased left ventricle size and volume

Answer 1

aerobic training results in cardiac hypertrophy/ An increase in the size and volume of the left ventricle, in particular occurs. This increase stroke volume and cardiac output allowing a greater volume of blood to be ejected from the hears, thus providing more oxygen for the athlete to use

Question 2

cardiovascular physiological adaptations aerobic training

increased capillarisation of
the heart muscle

Answer 2

cardiac hypertrophy also leads to an increase in the capillarisation of the heart muscle itself. The increase supply of blood and oxyge allows the heart to beat more strongly and efficiently during both exercise and rest

Question 3

cardiovascular physiological adaptations aerobic training

faster heart rate recovery rates

Answer 3

increase hr recovery rates mean the her will return to resting level in a much shorter time than that of an untrained individual. This is due to the greater efficiency of the cardiovascular system to produce energy aerobically

Question 4

cardiovascular adaptations aerobic training

increased blood volume and haemoglobin levels

Answer 4

red blood cells may increase in number and haemoglobin content and oxygen carrying capacity of the blood may also rise. Theres is also an increased ratio of plasma in the blood cells which reduces the viscosity of the blood allowing it to flow smoothly through the blood vessels. Leads to greater amount of oxygen being delivered to work aerobically

Question 5

cardiovascular physiological adaptations aerobic training

increased capillarisation of skeletal muscle

Answer 5

aerobic training leads to increased capillarisation of skeletal muscle. Greater capillary supply means that increased blood flow and greater surface area for gas diffusion to take place. increasing the oxygen and nutrients into the muscles allows for more removal of by products

Question 6

cardiovascular physiological adaptations aerobic training

decreased hr at rest and during sub-maximal workloads

Answer 6

greater stroke volume results in the heart not having to beat as often to supply the required blood flow. Aerobic training also results in a slower increase in hr during exercise and also a lower steady state that is reached sooner

Question 7

RESPIRATORY adaptation from aerobic training

increased alveolar surface area (increased pulmonary diffusion)

Answer 7

aerobic training increases the surface area of the alveoli, which in turn increases the pulmonary diffusion, allowing more oxygen to be extracted and transported to the working muscles for use

Question 8

RESPIRATORY physiological adaptation from aerobic training

increases tidal volume

Answer 8

aerobic training increases the amount of air inspired and expired by the lungs per breath. This allows for greater amount of oxygen to be diffused into the surrounding alveoli capillaries and delivered to working muscles

Question 9

RESPIRATORY physiological adaptation from aerobic training

increases ventilation during maximal exercise

Answer 9

aerobic training results in more efficient lung ventilation. Ventilation may be reduced slightly at rest. At maximal workloads, ventilation is increased due to an increase in tidal volume and respiratory frequency. Allows for greater oxygen delivery to working muscles at maximum exercise intensities

Question 10

muscular physiological adaptation from aerobic training

increased size and number of mitochondria

Answer 10

Mitochondria are the sites of aerobic ATP resynthesis and where glycogen and triglyceride stores are oxidised. The greater the number and size of the mitochondria located within the muscle, the greater the ability to resynthesise ATP aerobically.

Question 11

muscular physiological adaptation from aerobic training

increased myoglobin

Answer 11

Myoglobin is responsible for extracting oxygen from the red blood cells and delivering it to the mitochondria in the muscle cell. An increase in the number of myoglobin stores increases the amount of oxygen delivered to the mitochondria for energy production.

Question 12

muscular physiological adaptation from aerobic training

increased fuel storage and oxidative enzymes

Answer 12

aerobic training increases muscular storage of glycogen and triglycerides in slow twitch fibres and also increase in oxidative enzymes. This means their is less reliance upon the anaerobic glycolysis system until higher intensities

-in addition, due to increase oxidative enzymes associated with fat metabolisms an aerobically trained athlete is able to glycogen spare more effectively- high intensity

Question 13

muscular physiological adaptation from aerobic training

increased muscle oxygen utilisation

Question 14

muscular physiological adaptation from aerobic training

increased muscle fibre adaptation

Answer 14

Some research has indicated that skeletal muscle fast-twitch fibres can take on some of the characteristics of slow-twitch as an adaptation of aerobic training. This would allow for a greater ability to generate ATP aerobically with fewer fatiguing factors.

Question 15

all three systems: cardiovascular, respiratory and muscular

increased VO2 max

Answer 15

an increase in maximum oxygen uptake allows for greater amount of oxygen that can be taken in by the respiratory system, transported by the cardiovascular system and utilised by the muscular system to produce ATP, improving the economy of the athlete

Question 16

all three systems: cardiovascular, respiratory and muscular

increased lactate inflection point

Answer 16

LIP represents the highest intensity point where their is a balance between lactate inflection production and removal of the blood. Higher lip is the anaerobic glycolysis system isn’t contributing as much until higher exercise are reached. Meaning athlete can work higher intensity for longer periods without fatiguing hydrogen ion accumulation

Question 17

muscular physiological adaptation from anaerobic training

muscular hypertrophy

Answer 17

An increase in muscle fibre size due to an increase in the size and number of myofibrils and the protein filaments actin and myosin. This increase in muscle size allows for a greater production of strength and power.

Question 18

muscular physiological adaptation from anaerobic training

increased muscular stores of ATP and CP

Answer 18

Increased muscular stores of ATP and creatine phosphate increases the capacity of the ATP– CP system, allowing for faster resynthesis of ATP for high intensity activities.

Question 19

muscular physiological adaptation from anaerobic training

increase in ATPase creatine kinase enzymes

Answer 19

ATPase is responsible for breaking down ATP to form ADP and release energy for muscular contraction. Creatine kinase initiates the breakdown of CP, which provides the energy to resynthesise ATP at a fast rate.

Question 20

muscular physiological adaptation from anaerobic training

increase in number of motor units recruited

Answer 20

An increase in the number of nerve axons and their corresponding muscle fibres increases the power and strength of muscular contractions.

Question 20

muscular physiological adaptation from anaerobic training

increased glycolytic capacity

Answer 20

Increased muscular storage of glycogen and consequently the increased levels of glycolytic enzymes, enhances the capacity of the anaerobic glycolysis system to produce energy.

Question 21

muscular physiological adaptation from anaerobic training

increased lactate intolerence

Answer 21

An increase in the ability of the muscles to buffer (neutralise) the acid that accumulates from the production of hydrogen ions during an exercise bout. The increase in lactate tolerance prevents the onset of fatigue and allows an athlete to continue to generate ATP anaerobically, which is at a faster rate, and allows them to work at a higher intensity

Question 22

neuromuscular physiological adaptation from anaerobic training

increase in cross sectional areas of a muscle

Answer 22

An increase in the total quantity of actin and myosin protein filaments, the size and number of myofibrils and also in the amount of connective tissue that surrounds the muscle. This allows the muscle to create a greater amount of strength and power with each contraction.

Question 23

neuromuscular physiological adaptation from anaerobic training

increased synchronisation of motor units

Answer 23

An increase in the ability for a number of different motor units to fire at the same time and an improved ability to recruit larger motor units that require a larger stimulus to activate. This creates a more powerful muscular contraction.

Question 24

neuromuscular physiological adaptation from anaerobic training

increase in firing rates of motor units

Answer 24

An increase in the frequency of stimulation of a given motor unit increases the rate of force development or how quickly a muscle can contract maximally. This is beneficial for rapid ballistic movements where maximal force is required in a very short period of time.

Question 25

neuromuscular physiological adaptation from anaerobic training

a reduction in inhibitory signals

Answer 25

The improved coordination of the agonists, antagonists and synergists is thought to allow for the reduced inhibitory effect. The reduction in the inhibitory mechanisms allow for a greater force production within a muscle group.