unit four last sac- chapter 15&16 Flashcards
chronic adaptations
-physiological changes that occur in response to the increased demands placed on the body through training.
-can be structural or functional
size of heart muscle
-aerobic training results in larger left ventricle
-anaerobic training results in a thickening of the left ventricle wall
chronic adaptation as a result of aerobic training
-improve aerobic energy system providing energy to the working muscles and removes waste products
-this improves efficiency is the result of number of factors that increase the bodies ability to take up, transport and use oxygen
cardiovascular adaptation (aerobic training)
the heart (hypertrophy)
-leads to increase in in heart mass and volume
-increase size of the left ventricular cavity and some thickening in the ventricle walls
-the increase in left ventricle cavity increases cardiac output during exercise
cardiovascular adaptation (aerobic training)
the heart (increase stroke volume)
-increase stroke volume is apparent at both rest and exercise
-greater ventricular filling occurs with a decreased HR bc heart has more time to fill between contractions
cardiovascular adaptation (aerobic training)
the heart
during sub-maximal exercise cardiac is unchanged while SV increase and HR decreases
-heart that beats slower is efficient as it requires less oxygen than a faster beating hear for the same cardiac output
-this increases efficiency means the cardiovascular system at sub-maximal intensity trained athletes will reach steady state at a lower hr
-this also means less time to recover to pre exercise levels
cardiovascular adaptation (aerobic training)
the heart (hypertrophy) CONTINUE
-at rest after aerobic training program- HR and SV will change but cardiac output will stay same
-this is bc increase volume of the blood in the left ventricle can be ejected with each contraction of the ventricle meaning heart doesn’t have to beat as often to maintain required cardiac output
increased efficiency in the heart will allow to improve performance
cardiovascular adaptation (aerobic training)
the heart (bradycardia)
decrease heart rate, easy and accurate measure of cardiovascular efficiency. This increased efficiency of the heart is also seen during exercise
cardiovascular adaptations aerobic training results SUBMAXIMAL
-increase in left ventricle and reduction of cardiac output at submaximal workloads is thought to reflect more effective redistribution of blood flow and increased muscle ability to produce ATP under aerobic conditions
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cardiovascular adaptations aerobic training results MAXIMAL
at maximal workloads the increased cardiac output increases the amount of blood therefore oxygen delivered to working muscles allowing the by products of aerobic respiration to be removed more rapidly allowing for more energy being produced
cardiovascular adaptation (aerobic training)
blood vessels adaptations
increased blood flow to heart
increased capillary density
increased blood flow to muscle during maximal exercise
cardiovascular adaptation (aerobic training)
blood vessels (increased blood flow to heart)
Aerobic training increases the cross-sectional area of the coronary arteries and the capillaries
that feed the heart. This increased capillarisation improves blood flow to the heart, delivering
more oxygen to the heart muscle to meet the energy demands of the myocardium.
cardiovascular adaptation (aerobic training)
blood vessels (increase capillary density)
Long-term aerobic training also results in increased capillarisation of skeletal muscles.
This change is most evident in slow-twitch muscle fibres. The number of capillaries that
surround the muscle fibre (the capillary density) meaning larger muscle fibre more capillaries surrounding it
-slow twitch fibres have increased number of mitochondria per fibre
why is increase capillary density important
increasing number of capillaries around muscle leads to an increase in supply of oxygen and other nutrients, and enhanced removal of waste products from the muscle
