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physical education > aos 1 > Flashcards

aos 1 Flashcards

1
Q

fundamental movement skills

A

movement patterns that involve different body parts
e.g
-kicking
- catching

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2
Q

gross

A

involve the recruitment of large muscle groups
e.g
-running, swimming

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3
Q

fine

A

involve recruitment of smaller muscles associated with movements requiring precision
e.g
-shooting in archery
-throwing a dart

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4
Q

types of movement

A

discrete
serial
continious

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5
Q

discrete

A

have an obvious beginning and end
e.g chess pass, kicking footy

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6
Q

serial

A

the skill involving complex with serial discrete movements
e.g
triple jump, gym floor routine

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7
Q

continious

A

no definite beginning or end
e.g swimming, running

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8
Q

predictability of the environment

A

closed
open

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9
Q

closed

A

performer has greatest control over the performance environment
e.g indoor diving routine

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10
Q

open

A

performed in less predictable control environment
e.g surfing

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11
Q

stages of learning

A

cognitive
associative
autonomous

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12
Q

cognitive

A

beginner stage
mentally trying to comprehend the movement requirements of the motor skills

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13
Q

cognitive charactersitics

A

many errors in performance
unable to detect and correct performance errors

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14
Q

associative stage

A

performers beginning to refine their technique and more consistent

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15
Q

associative characteristic

A

consistent performance of the basic mechanics of the skill

the learner concentrates on skill refinement

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16
Q

autonomous stage

A

very few mistakes and knows sport very well

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17
Q

characteristics of autonomous stage

A

very few errors
able to adjust skills to games enviroment

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18
Q

amount of practice time influenced

A

stage of learning
environmental constraints
player fatigue

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19
Q

amount of practice
coaches should aim to

A

maximise practice time and minimise long winded instruction

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20
Q

diminishing returns

A

the principle indicates that as a performer becomes more competent the rate of improvement gradually increases

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21
Q

masses practice distribution

A

involves shorter but more frequent training sessions

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22
Q

distributed practice distribution

A

involves less frequent sessions but longer duration

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23
Q

practice variability

A

blocked
random

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24
Q

blocked

A

practicing same skill continuously without changing to different task
e.g continuously practicing chest passes for 15 minutes
(cognitive)

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25
Q

random

A

varied sequencing of different skills in same session
e.g training goals, handballs then kicking
(autonomous)

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26
Q

feedback

A
  • intrinsic
  • augmented
  • timing of augmented feedback
  • knowledge of performance
  • knowledge of results
  • feedback frequency
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27
Q

intrinsic feedback

A

performers use their own sensory system to asses their performance
e.g aware of body coordination
skin pain and pressure

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28
Q

augmented feedback

A

comes from sources external to the performer
e.g coach, video analysis

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29
Q

timing of augmented feedback

A

feedback provided during activity is called concurrent

feedback provided after activity is terminal: enables full attention from performer

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30
Q

knowledge of performance

A

relates to the characteristics of performing a task, as opposed to the specific outcome of the task

e.g when a footy player knows the ball left the footy at the wrong angle by feel

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31
Q

knowledge of results

A

refers to specific feedback about the outcome of the task

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32
Q

feedback frequency

A

cognitive= most feedback
autonomous= least feedback

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33
Q

link between motor skill development, participation & performance

A

people more likely to enjoy physical activities if they have the skill required for a level of success which increases participation

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34
Q

sociocultural factors

A

are costumes, lifestyles and values that characterise a society or group

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35
Q

sociocultural factors- family

A

parents facilitate theirs Childs involvement in sport through driving them to practice, buying uniform and equipment and be encouraging

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36
Q

cultural norms traditions and beliefs

A

different nationalities identify with different sports

the prevalence of a particular sport in the community can have a significant impact on skill development

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37
Q

peers- sociocultural factor

A

younger athletes generally motivated by friends and will consequently choose to the practice the most popular sport in their social group

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38
Q

sociocultural factor- gender

A

gender stereotypes
- girls learn more balance and coordination through doing gymnastics more

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39
Q

local community

A

access to safe training facilities
readily available coaching

40
Q

influences of movement

A

constraints- boundaries that shape a learners self organising movement patterns, cognition and decision making processes

task constraint
individual constraint
environmental constraints

41
Q

individual constraints

A

are those that are internal to the performer
-body size, height, weight
-fitness level: speed , agility

42
Q

environmental constraints

A

are the characteristics of the environment here the perfomance takes place
- weather
- family support network

43
Q

task constraints

A

is the characteristics of the activity/sport

-rules of the game, equipment used and size of the field/court

44
Q

approaches to coaching and instruction

A

direct approach
constraints based approach

45
Q

direct approach coaching

A

a coach led method that is particularly effective at enhancing skill development on the early stages of learning (cognitive)

learner is given instructions about skill execution and tactile awareness

46
Q

constraints based coaching

A

learner is driven, which develops both technical and tactical awareness through involvement in short sided modified games

47
Q

cognitive learner characteristics

A

-learner must dedicate a substantial amount of attention
-performer makes many skill errors and struggles

48
Q

coaching at a cognitive stage

A

-important that coach does not overload the learner with info
- keep feedback simple 1-2 teaching points at a time

49
Q

learner characteristics associative stage

A

relatively few faults
- beginning to refine and replicate movement patterns

50
Q

coaching at an associative stage

A
  • must provide regular practice opportunities
  • learner should be exposed to more open competition environments
51
Q

learner characteristics of autonomous stage

A

can perform the skill automatically
- performer is able to multitask

52
Q

coaching at the autonomous stage

A

-coaches should provide precise feedback to further improve skill execution

53
Q

qualitative movement analysis principle

A

preparation
observation
evaluation
error correction

54
Q

preparation

A

during this phase, the analyst should gather info about
-the purpose of analysis
-critical features of the skill
- info about the peformer

55
Q

observation

A

during this phase, the skill is performed live/recorded

the purpose is to collect and organize info

limitation is two coaches could look at the same recording and have two different perceptions

56
Q

evaluation

A

when evaluating the analyst must decide what the problem is and what causing it

57
Q

error correction

A

strengths and weaknesses identified in the evaluation phase are used to improve in this phase
-should be concise and immediate
-A positive approach should be maintained

58
Q

equilibrium

A

refers to a state in which there is a balance of forces or influences in opposition to each other

59
Q

static equilibrium

A

is when all body parts are at rest
e.g ball stationary on the ground

60
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

is when all body parts are moving with the same constraint velocity created by balanced forces

61
Q

balance and stability

A

balance- the ability to control the state of equilibrium
stability- refers to the degree at which the body resists changing its equilibrium

62
Q

factors that affect stability

A

base of support
center of gravity
line of gravity
body mass
friction between the body and the surface contacted

63
Q

base of support

A

is the area/amount of the object that is in contact with the surface

-The larger the base of support: the greater the stability

64
Q

center of gravity

A

the central point of an object or body, in which all of its weight is evenly distributed and balanced

we can move it by
- stepping forwards and extending arms out in front will move the COG just outside the body

65
Q

line of gravity

A

is an imaginary that passes through the center of gravity in the direction that gravity acts

when the line of gravity acts through the center of the BOS stability is increased

66
Q

ways to reduce stability to promote agility

A

shifting your line of gravity outside the base of support

narrowing the base of support

67
Q

lever

A

a rigid structure (arm or leg bone) that rotates around an axis (aka pivot point)

rotates around an axis when force is applied, causing the lever to move against a resistance

68
Q

levers can be used to

A

multiple forces and move heavy resistance easier

produce a range of motion and multiply the speed

69
Q

3 components of levers

A

axis- the turning point of the lever

force- the point where force is applied: muscles contract

resistance- the weight/load of whatever a person is trying to move

70
Q

types of levers- first class

A

has an axis as the central component that separates the force and resistance
e.g head and neck

71
Q

second class levers- types of levers

A

have the resistance as the control component that separates the axis and force
e.g when a person shifts their weight from having feet flat on the ground to standing on the balls of their feet

72
Q

third class levers

A

have the force as the central component that separates the axis and resistance
-resistance is generally at the end of the lever

  • require greater force: greater range of motion and speed

e.g drop punt kick- axis=hip joint, force=quad, resistance=foot

73
Q

mechanical advantage

A

force arm/resistance arm

force arm- refers to the distance between the force and axis

resistance arm- the distance between the axis and the resistance

74
Q

mechanical advantage1

A

force arm longer than the resistance arm- the mechanical advantage is greater than 1

increased mechanical advantage- improved ability over heavy resistance easily (favoring force)

decreased mechanical advantage- increased the range of motion and speed the lever can produce, provided enough force can be applied to overcome the inertia of the level

75
Q

mechanical advantage 2

A

All class levers are less than 1

greater force is required but only needs to be applied over a very small distance to achieve a larger range of of motion of the resistance

76
Q

linear motion

A

motion that occurs in a straight line or curved direction
eg (100-meter sprint)

77
Q

angular motion

A

refers to the movement of the body around a central axis or fixed point in a circular path
(axis can be external, internal)

78
Q
A
79
Q

biomechanics from a linear perspective

A

linear distance
linear discplacement
linear speed
linear velocity
linear acceleration

80
Q

linear distance

A

total distance a body has covered, looking at the path travelled from start to finish regardless of direction
measured- meters

81
Q

linear displacement

A

the change of position from the start of the movement/ activity to the end of the movement
measured-meters

82
Q

linear speed

A

how quickly a body moves. The ratio of the distance covered by the time taken
formula:distance/time
measured:meters per second

83
Q

linear velocity

A

displacement that has occurred divided by the time taken to achieve this displacement
formula: displacement/time

84
Q

linear acceleration

A

change in velocity in a given period of time
formula: final initial velocity

can be positive negative or zero(remaining constant)

85
Q

angular distance

A

the sum of all angular changes
measured-in degrees
e.g on full rotation would equal to 360 degrees

86
Q

angular displacement

A

the distance between the initial and final angular position of a body/object

87
Q

angular speed

A

angular distance divided by time

88
Q

angular velocity

A

formula:rate of change of angular displacement divided by time

increases with skill complexity

89
Q

angular acceleration

A

formula:rate of change of angular velocity divided by time

90
Q

air resistance

A

works against motion
what can influence air resistance
-velocity
mass
streamline shapes

91
Q

gravity

A

acts on all bodies acting them to accelerate towards the earth

92
Q

angle of release

A

optimal distance is 45 degrees
angle determines the flight path

to decrease angle of release use smaller angle

93
Q

height of release

A

distance between the height it is released from and the height it lands or stops

94
Q

biomechanic principle inertia and moment of inertia

A

inertia: the reluctance or resistance of an object or body to change its state of motion

moment of inertia: change the rate of rotation of the object or body

95
Q
A

physical education (10 decks)

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