Unit C3 - Molecular Biology

Question 1

What is each nucleotide made of?

Answer 1

1. Phosphate Group
2. Pentose Sugar
3. Nitrogenous Base (with four different types - A, C, G, T)

Question 2

What did Frederick GRIFFITH Discover?

Answer 2

The transforming principle → a chemical substance from one cell is genetically transforming another cell.

Question 3

What did Avery, Macleod and McCarty Discover?

Answer 3

DNA-destroying enzymes prevent the transformation of genetic material from different bacteria.

Question 4

What did Hershey and Chase Discover?

Answer 4

DNA was the material used to reproduce cells.

Question 5

What did Levene Discover?

Answer 5

Determined that both RRNA and DNA were made up of long chains of nucleotides.

Question 6

What did Chargaff Discover?

Answer 6

The Chargaff rule → # adienine = # Thymine, # Guanine = # Cytosine

Question 7

What did Franklin Discover?

Answer 7

Used x-ray crystallography to analyze the structure of DNA.

DNA is a helical structure with two repeating patterns

Nitrogenous basse = inside

Sugar-phosphate backbone = outside

Question 8

What did Watson and Crick Discover?

Answer 8

Double helix model for the structure of DNA.

Question 9

What is semi-conservative Replication:

Answer 9

Each parent strand of DNA is conserved and functions as a template for the creation of its complementary strand.

Question 10

What does Helicase do?

Answer 10

An enzyme that breaks nucleotide pairs apart

Question 11

What does DNA Polymerase do?

Answer 11

Fuses together free floating nucleotides.

Question 12

What is replication origin?

Answer 12

Where replication starts.

Question 13

What are the three steps of DNA replication? What are the processes in each step?

Answer 13

Initiation → Helicase binds to the replication origin.

Elongation → with the help of primase, DNA polymerase adds nucleotides in the five-prime to 3 prime direction.

Termination → as soon as the newly formed strands are complete, they rewind automatically into a helix

Question 14

What are anti-parallel strands?

Answer 14

The two “backbones” of the DNA are in opposite directions. (three prime to five prime, and the opposite side is five prime to three prime)

Question 15

What is RNA Primer?

Answer 15

used as the starting point for the attachment of new nucleotides which later get removed by the DNA primer

Question 16

What is primase?

Answer 16

An enzyme that constructs the RNA primer

Question 17

What is the leading strand?

Answer 17

A Replicated strand that is Continuously made from the five prime to the three prime directions.

Question 18

What is the lagging strand?

Answer 18

A Replicated strand that is Continuously made from the five prime to the three prime directions.

Question 19

what are the three most important characteristics of the genetic code?

Answer 19

Redundant → more than one codon can code for an amino acid
Continuous → Reads as a series of three-letter codons without spaces
Universal → All living organisms build proteins with this genetic code.

Question 20

Does DNA leave the nucleus during protein synthesis?

Answer 20

No, RNA does.

Question 21

What are the four nucleotides of DNA?

Answer 21

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine.

Question 22

What are the four nucleotides of RNA?

Answer 22

Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine

Question 23

What are the two parts of protein synthesis? What are they used for?

Answer 23

Transcription → DNA is unzipped and mRnA is created
Translation → mRNA is translated into ribosomes with the help of tRNA to create chains of peptides to create amino acids.

Question 24

What is the job of RNA polymerase?

Answer 24

Binds nucleotides together nucleotides in the 5 prime to 3 prime direction to construct the single-stranded mRNA molecule.

Question 25

What are stop codons

Answer 25

Codes that do not code for amino acids but stop production.

Question 26

When mRNA transcription is complete where does the mRNA go?

Answer 26

When mRNA is created, it leaves the nucleus through its pores and goes to the ribosomes.

Question 27

What are transfer RNA (tRNA) Molecules?

Answer 27

Molecules that bring amino acids to the mRNA.

Question 28

What is the mRNA initiator codon?

Answer 28

creates methionine and starts protein synthesis in the ribosome.

Question 29

What are mutations?

Answer 29

Permanent changes in the genetic material of an organism

Question 30

What are the 5 different types of mutations?

Answer 30

Point mutation, silent mutation, Mis sense mutation, Non sense Mutation, Framshift Mutations. (do not need to know in great detail)

Question 31

What are spontaneous mutations?

Answer 31

Incorrect base pairing during DNA replication.

Question 32

what are Mutagens

Answer 32

things that cause mutations.

Question 33

What is Recombiant DNA?

Answer 33

DNA that includes genetic material from different sources

Question 34

What is transgenic organisms?

Answer 34

Organisims that have recombnant DNA.

Question 35

What are restriction enzymes?

Answer 35

Found in bacteria, they cleave specific nucleotide sequences.

Question 36

What are sticky ends

Answer 36

complementary single stranded DNA tails

Question 37

What is another term for restriction enzymes?

Answer 37

restriction endonuclease

Question 38

Gel electrophoresis

Answer 38

Separation of DNA fragments according to mass and charge