Unit A2 - [not complete - missing short term stress]Endocrine System

Question 1

What are horomones?

Answer 1

Chemical messengers carried by the cirulatory system.

Question 2

What are endocrine glands?

Answer 2

Ductless glands that produce and release chemicals into bloodstream

Question 3

What is a non target/target hormone ?

Answer 3

Non-Target - affects many cells
Target - site specific

Question 4

what are Tropic/Non-Tropic hormones

Answer 4

Tropic - Simulate other endocrine glands
Non-Tropic -Stimulate tissues

Question 5

What are Steriod Hormones? what makes them special?

Answer 5

Hormones derived from cholesterol

fat soluble and pass through nuclear membranes easily

Combine with receptors to activate genes quickly

Question 6

What are protein hormones? what makes them special?

Answer 6

Hormones derived from proteins and amino acids

Water soluble, too big to pass through membranes of target cells and target receptors on the cell membrane

Question 7

What are Antagonistic Hormones?

Answer 7

Horomones that have opposing effects.

insulin and glucagon

Question 8

What are the hormones that the hypothalamus produce?

Answer 8

Oxytocin and ADH

Question 9

What are the horomones the pituitary gland produces?

Answer 9

G - HGH
O - Oxytocin
A - ADH
T - TSH
F - FSH
L - LH
A - ACTH
P - PRL

GOAT FLAP

Question 10

What is thyroid stimulating hormone?

Answer 10

Released through the pituitary gland → stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroxin.

Question 11

What do you need to label in the endocrine system? (7)

Answer 11

Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
adrenal gland
pancreas
ovary/tesitis

Question 12

What is the pathway for ADH?

Situation, transmition & result

Answer 12

Dehydration → Hypothalamus → Pituitary gland → Anti diuretic horomone → Kidney → ↑ Water retention

Question 13

Where does the negitive feedback loop go for ADH

Answer 13

↑ Water and blood pressure → less production at the Hypothalamus and the pituitary.

Question 14

What are the causes and symptoms of diabetes incipidus?

Answer 14

Hyposecretion of ADH → increase peeing frequency and volume

Question 15

What is the pathway for thyroxine?

Answer 15

↓ Metabolic rate → hypothalaus → pituitary gland → Thyroid stimulating hormone → thyroid → Thyroxine → body cells → ↑ metabolic rate & ↓ BG

Question 16

What is the negitive feedback for thyroxine?

Answer 16

high levels of thyroxine → pituitary & hypothalamus to shut of horomone production

Question 17

What are the symptoms of Hyperthyroidism?

Answer 17

1. nervous and irritable
2. ↑ body temp
3. eyes buldge
4. diarrhea
5. weight loss

Question 18

What are the symptoms of hypothyrodism?

Answer 18

1. ↓ energy
2. weight gain
3. ↓ body temp
4. constipation

Question 19

What are the symptoms or Goitre? what causes it?

Answer 19

1. Enlarged thyroid
2. little thyroxine can be produced
3. ↑ Thyroid stimulating horomone

Caused form a lack of iodine in diet that is needed to produce thyrroid hormones

Question 20

What is the pathway for Calcitonin

Answer 20

↑ Blood Ca → Thyroid Gland → Calcitonin → Bones (Ca added) → Kidney/small intestine (↓ Ca reabsorbed) → ↓ blood Ca

Question 21

What is the pathway for Parathyroid hormone?

Answer 21

↓ Blood Ca → Parathyroid Gland → Parathyroid horomone → Bones (Ca removed) → Kidney/small intestine (↑ Ca reabsorbed) → ↑ blood Ca

Question 22

Where are the horomones that are produced in the pancreas found?

Answer 22

Islets of Langerhans

Question 23

Which horomones do alpha and beta cells produce?

Answer 23

Alpha - Gucagon
Beta - Insulin

Question 24

What is the pathway for insulin

Answer 24

↑ Blood glucose (hyperglycemia) → Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans) → Insulin → ↑ Glucose permeability into cells (Glucose converts into glycogen) → ↓ blood glucose

Question 25

What is the pathway for Glucagon?

Answer 25

↓ Blood glucose (**hypoglycemia**) → Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans) → Glucagon → Liver (**glycogen converts into Glucose**) → ↑ blood glucose

Question 26

What is the negitive feedback loops for Insulin

Answer 26

low blood glucose → ↓ Islets of Langerhans secretion

Question 27

What is the negitive feedback loops for Glucagon

Answer 27

higher blood glucose levels → ↓ Islets of Langerhans secretion

Question 28

what are the symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus (both type I and II)?

Answer 28

hyposecretion of insulin → ↑ blood glucose levels, ↑ glucose in urine, and ↑ urine frequency, ↓ energy | sweet smell & NO increase in volume

Question 29

What is the different between type I and type II Diabetes Mellitus?

Answer 29

Type I - Insuficant insulin being produced (develops in adolescence) Type II - Insulin receptors of targe cells are unresponsive (develops in adulthood)

Question 30

What is connected to the hypothalamus through nerve impulses to stimulate hormone production?

Answer 30

Pituitary and the adrenal medulla

Question 31

WHat are the three types of corticoids?

Answer 31

1. Glucocorticoids 2. Mineral Corticoid 3. Gonado corticoids

Question 31

Does the Adrenal cortex respond to long or short term stress?

Answer 31

Long term stress

Question 32

What is the pathway for Mineral Gonado and Gluco Corticoids?

Answer 32

↑ Long Term Stress → Hypothalamus → pituitary gland → Adrenocorticotropic Horomone → Cortisol (Glucocorticoids) → ↑ blood sugar and ↑ protien/amino acid and fat metabolism Aldostrone (Mineralocorticoids) → ↑ blood pressure and Na reabsorbtion Gonadocorticoids (estrogen and testosterone) | Aldosterone also increases water retention.

Question 33

What are the symptoms come from a damaged adrenal cortex?

Answer 33

Hypoglycemia, Sodium and potassium imbalances, weight loss and weakness

Question 34

what is the pathway for Epinephrine?