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Bio - 30 > Unit C - Cell Reproduction > Flashcards

Unit C - Cell Reproduction Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is one unduplicated chromosome?

A

A chromosome with two chromosome arms and one centromere.

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2
Q

What is one duplicated chromosome?

A

Sister chromatids (2 pairs of chromosome arms) connected by one centromere

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3
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

Identical copies of a chromosome that is connected at a single centromere.

(Considered one chromosome)

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4
Q

What is a centromere?

A

Where the two sides of a duplicated chromosome would link.

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5
Q

What is chromatin? What does it make?

A

proteins and DNA

It is what chromosomes are made of.

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6
Q

What are loci?

A

Specific locations on the chromosomes. they determine which protein molecules are produced. (Determine eye colour)

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7
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have? How many pairs?

A

46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

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8
Q

As the object’s volume grows, what happens to the volume-surface area ratio?

A

It decreases.

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9
Q

If the SA and Volume Ratio are too low, what happens to the cell?

A

Not enough wastes and nutrients leave/enter the cell, causing it to die.

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10
Q

What are the two phases in the cell cycle?

A

The interphase and the Mitotic Phase.

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11
Q

What is the interphase? What percentage of the cell cycle is it?

A

The cell preparing for mitosis is 90% of the cell cycle.

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12
Q

What are the 3 stages of the Interphase?

A

G1
S Phase
G2

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13
Q

What happens during the G1 stage of Interphase?

A

The cell grows, increasing size and mass

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14
Q

What happens in the S Phase of Interphase?

A

Copy of the cell’s DNA is made, creating sister chromatids.

THE AMOUNT OF CHROMOSOMES & HOMOLUGUS PAIRS DO NOT CHANGE

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15
Q

What happens in the G2 Phase of Interphase?

A

Cell manufactures the materials needed for mitosis. Cytoplasmic organelles are duplicated.

The centrosome is duplicated.

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16
Q

What is a Centrosome made of?

A

2 centrioles, microtubules and spindle fibres.

17
Q

What are Autosomal chromosomes?

How many do we have?

A

Chromosomes are found in both males and females.

44 in males and 44 in females (all except the sex chromosomes)

18
Q

What is a homologous pair?

A

Chromosomes that are similar in shape and length but NOT genetically identical

19
Q

What is a homologue?

A

One chromosome in a homologous pair.

20
Q

Where are paternal and maternal chromosomes from?

A

Paternal → from your father
Maternal → from your mother

21
Q

What are somatic cells? are they diploid or haploid?

A

Body cells that are not gametes.

Diploid.

22
Q

What is the 23rd pair of chromosomes known as?

A

The sex chromosomes.

23
Q

Are the sex chromosomes homologous or non-homologous in males and females?

A

Females → Homologous
Males → Non-homologous

24
Q

What stages does the miotic phase consist of?

A

Mitosis (Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) and Cytokinesis

25
Q

What are all the stages of the mitosis cell cycle in order?

A

Interphase (G1 → S stage → G2) → Mitosis (Prophase → Metaphase → Anaphase → Telophase) → Cytokinesis.

26
Q

What is the shortest phase in reproductions of somatic cells?

A

Mitotic 0hase

27
Q

What happens during the Prophase stage of Mitosis?

A

The sister chromatids (in the form of chromatin) condense and become visible.

The nuclear membrane disappears.

Centrosomes separate and move to opposite poles.

28
Q

What happens during the Metaphase stage of Mitosis?

A

Spindle fibres from microtubules attach to centromeres

The sister chromatid pairs of each chromosome align themselves along the middle (Equatorial plate) of the cell.

29
Q

What happens during the Anaphase stage of Mitosis?

A

The centromeres split and the chromatids separate. (Now called daughter chromosomes)

Microtubules pull separated chromosomes to opposite centrosomes.

Chromosomes’ began to unfurl.

30
Q

What happens during the Telophase stage of Mitosis?

A

Chromosomes have reached opposite poles of the cell and begin to lengthen and intertwine to form chromatin.

Spindle fibres dissolve, and a nuclear membrane begins to form.

31
Q

What happens during the cytokinesis stage of Mitosis in an animal or plant cell?

A

Animal - the centre punches in (called a cleavage plate), until the cell is punched into two halves.

Plant - a cell plate forms in the middle and moves outward forming a cell wall. (Don’t have centrioles)

32
Q

Identify different cell cycle stages from diagrams.

A

Did you do it

Bio - 30 (16 decks)

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