Unit C - Cell Reproduction

Question 1

What is one unduplicated chromosome?

Answer 1

A chromosome with two chromosome arms and one centromere.

Question 2

What is one duplicated chromosome?

Answer 2

Sister chromatids (2 pairs of chromosome arms) connected by one centromere

Question 3

What are sister chromatids?

Answer 3

Identical copies of a chromosome that is connected at a single centromere.

(Considered one chromosome)

Question 4

What is a centromere?

Answer 4

Where the two sides of a duplicated chromosome would link.

Question 5

What is chromatin? What does it make?

Answer 5

proteins and DNA

It is what chromosomes are made of.

Question 6

What are loci?

Answer 6

Specific locations on the chromosomes. they determine which protein molecules are produced. (Determine eye colour)

Question 7

How many chromosomes do humans have? How many pairs?

Answer 7

46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

Question 8

As the object’s volume grows, what happens to the volume-surface area ratio?

Answer 8

It decreases.

Question 9

If the SA and Volume Ratio are too low, what happens to the cell?

Answer 9

Not enough wastes and nutrients leave/enter the cell, causing it to die.

Question 10

What are the two phases in the cell cycle?

Answer 10

The interphase and the Mitotic Phase.

Question 11

What is the interphase? What percentage of the cell cycle is it?

Answer 11

The cell preparing for mitosis is 90% of the cell cycle.

Question 12

What are the 3 stages of the Interphase?

Answer 12

G1
S Phase
G2

Question 13

What happens during the G1 stage of Interphase?

Answer 13

The cell grows, increasing size and mass

Question 14

What happens in the S Phase of Interphase?

Answer 14

Copy of the cell’s DNA is made, creating sister chromatids.

THE AMOUNT OF CHROMOSOMES & HOMOLUGUS PAIRS DO NOT CHANGE

Question 15

What happens in the G2 Phase of Interphase?

Answer 15

Cell manufactures the materials needed for mitosis. Cytoplasmic organelles are duplicated.

The centrosome is duplicated.

Question 16

What is a Centrosome made of?

Answer 16

2 centrioles, microtubules and spindle fibres.

Question 17

What are Autosomal chromosomes?

How many do we have?

Answer 17

Chromosomes are found in both males and females.

44 in males and 44 in females (all except the sex chromosomes)

Question 18

What is a homologous pair?

Answer 18

Chromosomes that are similar in shape and length but NOT genetically identical

Question 19

What is a homologue?

Answer 19

One chromosome in a homologous pair.

Question 20

Where are paternal and maternal chromosomes from?

Answer 20

Paternal → from your father
Maternal → from your mother

Question 21

What are somatic cells? are they diploid or haploid?

Answer 21

Body cells that are not gametes.

Diploid.

Question 22

What is the 23rd pair of chromosomes known as?

Answer 22

The sex chromosomes.

Question 23

Are the sex chromosomes homologous or non-homologous in males and females?

Answer 23

Females → Homologous
Males → Non-homologous

Question 24

What stages does the miotic phase consist of?

Answer 24

Mitosis (Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) and Cytokinesis

Question 25

What are all the stages of the mitosis cell cycle in order?

Answer 25

Interphase (G1 → S stage → G2) → Mitosis (Prophase → Metaphase → Anaphase → Telophase) → Cytokinesis.

Question 26

What is the shortest phase in reproductions of somatic cells?

Answer 26

Mitotic 0hase

Question 27

What happens during the Prophase stage of Mitosis?

Answer 27

The sister chromatids (in the form of chromatin) condense and become visible. The nuclear membrane disappears. Centrosomes separate and move to opposite poles.

Question 28

What happens during the Metaphase stage of Mitosis?

Answer 28

Spindle fibres from microtubules attach to centromeres The sister chromatid pairs of each chromosome align themselves along the middle (Equatorial plate) of the cell.

Question 29

What happens during the Anaphase stage of Mitosis?

Answer 29

The centromeres split and the chromatids separate. (Now called daughter chromosomes) Microtubules pull separated chromosomes to opposite centrosomes. Chromosomes' began to unfurl.

Question 30

What happens during the Telophase stage of Mitosis?

Answer 30

Chromosomes have reached opposite poles of the cell and begin to lengthen and intertwine to form chromatin. Spindle fibres dissolve, and a nuclear membrane begins to form.

Question 31

What happens during the cytokinesis stage of Mitosis in an animal or plant cell?

Answer 31

Animal - the centre punches in (called a cleavage plate), until the cell is punched into two halves. Plant - a cell plate forms in the middle and moves outward forming a cell wall. (Don't have centrioles)

Question 32

Identify different cell cycle stages from diagrams.

Answer 32

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