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bio - 30 > Unit C2 - Genetics > Flashcards

Unit C2 - Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of Heredity?

A

The passing of traits from parents to offspring.

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2
Q

What are genes?

A

Units of heredity and are located on chromosomes.

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3
Q

who is the “founder of Genetics?”

A

Gregor Mendel

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4
Q

What experiment is Gregor Mendel known for?

A

The garden peas experiment.

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5
Q

What is self-fertilization within a plant?

A

Pollen produced by male stamen attaches to the pistil inside the flower.

(where the plant creates a clone of itself)

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6
Q

What does cross-fertilize mean?

A

the combining of male and female sex cells of different plants.

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7
Q

What does P Generation mean?

A

The parent generation

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8
Q

what does F1 mean?

A

the first filial generation

(first-generation of children)

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9
Q

What is the difference between recessive and dominant alleles?

A

Only the dominant one is shown when a dominant and a recessive allele are paired.

DD = Dominant, dd = recessive, Dd = Dominant (IS SHOWN)

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10
Q

What are Mendel’s Laws of Heredity?

A
  1. Inherited characteristics are controlled by factors (known as genes) that occur in pairs
  2. Principle of Dominance → One factor/gene masks the effect of another
  3. Mendel’s Law of Segregation → A pair of factors/genes separate and segregate during the formation of sex cells (meiosis)
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11
Q

A dominant gene is indicated by a _____ letter and will be ____ expressed in heterozygous form, in notation, it will be written ___.

A

Upper-case, always, first (e.x. Dd)

(WHEN THERE IS A DOMINANT ALLELE PRESENT, IT IS ALWAYS EXPRESSED)

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12
Q

A ressesive gene is indicated by a _____ letter and will be ____ expressed in heterozygous form, in notation, it will be written ___.

A

Lower-case, never, last (e.x. Dd)

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13
Q

What are Alleles?

A

Two or more alternate forms of a gene.

Dd

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14
Q

What is a Genotype?

A

The genes that an organism contains for a particular trait

(DD,Dd,dd)

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15
Q

What is the Phenotype?

A

The observable traits of an individual.

DD → Dominant trait
Dd → Dominant trait
dd → Recessive trait

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16
Q

What is the definition of Homozygous?

A

A genotype in which both genes are identical

(e.x. DD & dd)

17
Q

What is the definition of Heterozygous?

A

A genotype in which both genes are different

(e.x. Dd)

18
Q

What are other words for a Homozygous offspring?

A

A pure or true breed.

19
Q

What are other words for a Heterozygous offspring?

A

A hybrid or carrier.

20
Q

What is a monohybrid cross?

A

A cross between two organizations, following the inheritance of one trait.
(e.x. crossing pea plant height, and not height and colour)

21
Q

What is used to find the possible combinations of alleles in offspring?

A

The Punnett Square

22
Q

Does genetic crossing talk about probabilities or absolutes?

(does having four babies exactly match all the combinations)

A

Probabilities.

23
Q

what is a test cross?

A

A test that is performed to determine the unknown genotype of an organic that has a dominant phenotype.

24
Q

What do you test in a test cross?

A

a recessive genotype with an unknown genotype with a dominant phenotype (rr & R__)

25
Q

What is incomplete Dominance?

A

When two genes are equally dominant, they interact to produce a blend of the two.

26
Q

What is Codominance?

A

When both genes are expressed at the same time.

27
Q

What are the alleles for the genes that lead to A, B and O blood type

A

I^A, I^B, i

28
Q

With multiple alleles (more than 2) how do you define them?

A

You have to use the same capital letters and superscript numbers.

29
Q

What are the alleles for the genes that lead to Rh+ and Rh- in human blood?

A

R & r respectively

30
Q

What is the phenotype ratio for a dihybrid cross with two heterozygous genotypes?

A

9:3:3:1

Both dominant are expressed → to no dominant genes expressed

31
Q

when you have different chances from separate independent events, how can you find the overall probability?

A

You multiply them together to get the overall probability.

32
Q

What are Polygenic Traits?

A

Inherited traits that are affected by more than one gene.

33
Q

What are Epistatic Genes?

A

Masks the expression of other genes.

34
Q

What is a complimentary interaction?

A

When two different genotypes interact to produce a phenotype that neither is capable of producing itself.

35
Q
A

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