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AP Psych > Unit 9: Social Psychology > Flashcards

Unit 9: Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Social Psychology

A

The scientific study of how we thinking about, influence, and relate to one another

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2
Q

Attribution Theory

A

The theory that we explain someone’s behavior by either crediting the situation or the person’s disposition

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3
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

The tendency of observers, when analyzing others’ behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of personal disposition

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4
Q

Attitudes

A

Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

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5
Q

Peripheral Route Persuasion

A

Doesn’t engage systematic thinking, but produces fast results. People respond to incidental cues (such as attractiveness or clothing) and make snap judgements

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6
Q

Central Route Persuasion

A

Offers evidence and arguments that aim to trigger favourable thoughts. Occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favourable thoughts

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7
Q

Foot-in-the-Door

A

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

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8
Q

Door-in-the-Face

A

The tendency for people to comply with smaller requests after denying a larger request

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9
Q

Role

A

A set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position should behave

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10
Q

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

A

Theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent

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11
Q

Automatic Mimicry

A

Automatic imitation of speech, movements/gestures, facial expressions, etc

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12
Q

Conformity

A

Adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

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13
Q

Normative Social Influence

A

Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval, or avoid disapproval

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14
Q

Informational Social Influence

A

Influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept other’s optinions about reality

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15
Q

Milgram Shock Experiment

A

Different factors influence people’s behavior & obedience. Mostly related to social pressure, when the victim is far away and others are nearby, especially if they have authority

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16
Q

Birkenhead Drill

A

Code of conduct where the lives of women and children should be saved first in a life-threatening situation

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17
Q

Social Faciliation

A

Improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

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18
Q

Social Loafing

A

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when working together than when held individually accountable

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19
Q

Deindividualism

A

The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

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20
Q

Group Polarization

A

The enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

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21
Q

Groupthink

A

The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

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22
Q

Cultural Influences

A

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

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23
Q

Prejudice

A

Unjustifiable and usually negative attitude towards a group and its members. Generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action
Used to simplify our world

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24
Q

Stereotype

A

A generalized belief about a group of people

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25
Q

Discrimination

A

Unjustifiable negative behavior towards a group and its members

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26
Q

Just-World Phenomenon

A

The tendency for people to believe the world is just, and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

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27
Q

Ingroup

A

“Us”; people with whom we share common identity

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28
Q

Outgroup

A

“Them”; those perceived as different or apart from the ingroup

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29
Q

Ingroup Bias

A

The tendency to favour our own group

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30
Q

Scapegoat Theory

A

Prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

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31
Q

Other Race Effect

A

The tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately then faces of other races

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32
Q

Remembering Vivid Caes

A

We judge the frequency of events by instances that readily come to mind

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33
Q

Biology of Aggression

A

Genetic (animals can be bred for aggression)
Diminished activity in frontal lobes
Alcohol ‘unleashes’ aggressive responses
High testosterone correlates with effects that precede aggression

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34
Q

Frustration-Aggression Principle

A

Principle that frustration - being blocked from some goal - creates anger, which can generate aggression

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35
Q

Aggression Reinforcement and Modeling

A

Learning can alter natural behaviors. If aggression works for you once, your more likely to try it again in similar situations

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36
Q

Social Scripts

A

Culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations. May encourage aggression, in the guise of ‘acting like a man’, in some situations

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37
Q

Proximity

A

People are more likely to like others who live in the same neighborhood, sit nearby in class, work in the same office, etc

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38
Q

Mere Exposure Effect

A

Repeated exposure to a novel stimuli increases liking the stimuli

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39
Q

Physical Attractiveness

A

Affects initial impressions of people’s personalities
We perceive attractive people as happier, healthier, more successful, etc

40
Q

Attraction Similarity

A

The more alike people are, the longer their liking endures. Similarity breeds content, dissimilarity often fosters disfavor

41
Q

Passionate / Consummate Love

A

Aroused state of intense positive absorption in another. Often present in the beginning of a relationship

42
Q

Companionate Love

A

Deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

43
Q

Relationshiop Equity

A

A condition in which people receive from a relationship in the same proportion that they give to it

44
Q

Relationship Self-Disclosure

A

Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others (likes and dislikes)

45
Q

Altrusim

A

Unselfish regard for the welfare of others

46
Q

Bystander Effect

A

A bystander is less likely to assume responsibility for helping if others are present

47
Q

Social Exchange Theory

A

Theory that our social behavior is an exchange process aiming to maximize benefits and minimize costs

48
Q

Reciprocity Norm

A

Expectation that people will help, not hurt, those that have helped them

49
Q

Social-Responsibility Norm

A

Expectation that people will help those needing their help

50
Q

Conflict

A

Perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

51
Q

Social Traps

A

Situation in which the conflicting parties, each pursuing their self interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

52
Q

Mirror-Image Perceptions

A

Mutual views often held by conflicting people - EX each side sees itself as ethical/peaceful and the other side as dangerous/aggressive

53
Q

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

A

A belief that leads to its own fulfillment

54
Q

Peacemaking Step 1

A

Contact - bring people together to see different perspectives and get on common ground
Flaw - groups often think they would welcome contact with other groups, but that other groups do not reciprocate the wish

55
Q

Peacemaking Step 2

A

Cooperation - create feelings of solidarity based on common interests

56
Q

Superordinate Goals

A

Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

57
Q

Peacemaking Step 3

A

Communication - when real-life conflict becomes intense, a 3rd party mediator may help with communication

58
Q

Peacemaking Step 4

A

Conciliation - as conflicts intensify, images becomes more stereotypes, judgements more rigid, and communication more difficult. GRIT method

59
Q

GRIT (Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction)

A

Strategy designed to decrease international tensions. One side announces it’s recognition of mutual interest and intent to reduce tensions, then engages in small, conciliatory acts. The other side can then reciprocate or respond with hostility

60
Q

Biological Influences on Drug Use

A

Heredity influences some aspects of alcohol use problems

61
Q

Psychological/Social-Cultural Influences on Drug Use

A

Feeling that life is directionless and meaningless
Social roots
Peer pressure

62
Q

Flow

A

Completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with a diminished sense of self and time. A result of optimal engagement of one’s skills

63
Q

Industrial-Organization (I/O) Psychology

A

Applies psychology’s principles to the workplace

64
Q

Personnel Psychology

A

Applies psychology to selecting and evaluating workers. Aims to match people’s strengths with work that enables them, and their organization, to flourish

65
Q

Interviewer Illusion

A

Interviewers overrated their discernment. Interviews also create a false impression of one’s behavior

66
Q

Structured Interviews

A

Interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions to all applicants. Applicants are rated on established scales

67
Q

Organizational Psychology

A

Considers how work environment and management styles influence worker motivation, satisfaction, and productivity

68
Q

Grit

A

Passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

69
Q

Achievement Motivation

A

Desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard

70
Q

Satisfaction and Engagement

A

Decreased job stress feeds improved health. Positive moods at work enhance creativity, persistence, and helpfulness

71
Q

Managing Well

A

Setting specific, challenging goals and choosing an appropriate leadership style

72
Q

Task Leadership

A

Goal-oriented leadership style that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals

73
Q

Social Leadership

A

Group-oriented leadership style that builds teamwork, mediates conflicts, and offers support

74
Q

Human Factors Psychology

A

Explores how machines and environment and be optimally designed to fit human abilites

75
Q

Emotions

A

Have to dimensions - pleasant/positive to unpleasant/negative, and high to low arousal.
EX
Positive and low is relaxed while positive and high is enthusiastic

76
Q

Anger

A

When facing a threat/challenge, anger triggers fight. Can also be a response to perceived misdeeds, especially when the act seems willful, unjustified, and avoidable.

77
Q

Catharsis

A

Releasing aggressive energy relieves aggressive urges

78
Q

Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon

A

People’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good moon

79
Q

Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon

A

People’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

80
Q

Subjective Well-Being

A

Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used, along with measures of objective well being, to evaluate people’s quality of life

81
Q

Happiness

A

Happy people think the world is safer, are more confident & tolerant, make decision and cooperate easily, are more socially connected, and savour positive experiences without dwelling on the negative

People are unhappiest at the start of the week, and happiest at the end of the week. Wealth is correlated with happiness and well-being

82
Q

Adaption-Level Phenomenon

A

Our tendency to form judgements relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.
Feeds into theory that happiness is relative to our own experience

83
Q

Relative Deprivation

A

The perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves
Feeds into theory that happiness is relative to others’ sucesses

84
Q

Optimists

A

Expect thinks to go well.
Respond to stress with smaller increases in blood pressure

85
Q

Pessimists

A

Expects things to go badly

86
Q

Social Support

A

Promotes both happiness and health. Calms us and reduces blood pressure and stress hormones. People are less likely to die early if supported by close relationships

87
Q

Aerobic Exercise

A

Sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness. Used to reduce stress; may also alleviate depression and anxiety

88
Q

Relaxation Response

A

A state of calm marked by relaxed muscles, slowed breathing and heart rate, and decreased blood pressure

89
Q

Faith Factor

A

Religiously active people tend to live longer than non-religiously active people

90
Q

CAM (Complementary and Alternative Medicine)

A

Yet unproven healthcare treatments intended to supplement or replace conventional medicine. Not widely taught in medical schools, used in hospitals, or reimbursed by insurance companies

91
Q

False Consensus Effect

A

The tendency to assume that one’s own opinions, beliefs, attributes, or behaviors are more widely shared than is actually the case

92
Q

Halo Effect

A

The tendency of a single positive trait to influence a person’s impression of a whole

93
Q

Hostile Aggression

A

A type of aggression that is committed in response to a perceived threat or insult

94
Q

Instrumental Aggression

A

Harmful behavior engaged in without provocation to obtain an outcome or coerce others

95
Q

Outgroup Homogeneity Bias

A

The tendency for members of a group to see themselves as more diverse and heterogeneous than they are seen by an outgroup

96
Q

Self-Serving Bias

A

How we explain our behavior depending on whether the outcome of our behavior is positive or negative

97
Q

Social Inhibition

A

Opposite of social facilitation - worsened performance on simple tasks in the presence of others

AP Psych (9 decks)

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