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AP Psych > Unit 8: Clinical Psychology > Flashcards

Unit 8: Clinical Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Abnormal Psychology

A

Dedicated to the study and treatment of psychological disorders or mental illness

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2
Q

Medical Model

A

The concept that disease and/or disorder have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and cured, often through treatment in a hospital

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3
Q

Insanity

A

Legal term (not mental health or psychological term) used to determine whether an individual is to be held accountable/liable for criminal behavior.

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4
Q

Mental Incompetence

A

Legal term for when criminal suspects are deemed mentally ill and unable to understand the criminal proceedings or aid in their own defense.

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5
Q

Psychological Disorder

A

Syndrome with clinically significant disturbance in one’s cognition, emotional regulation, or behavior. Caused by dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes for mental functioning.

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6
Q

Criteria: Maladaptive Behavior

A

Behavior that causes harm by making it difficult to fulfill the normal functions of everyday life

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7
Q

Criteria: Personal Distress

A

A person’s individual perception of their own emotional distress

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8
Q

Criteria: Atypical Behavior

A

Behavior that deviates from what is considered socially or culturally normal

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9
Q

Criteria: Violation of Cultural Norms

A

Behavior that so deviates from what is culturally accepted that it is considered unacceptable and intolerable

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10
Q

Demonolgy

A

Early theoretical approach in which holes were drilled in a living person’s skull in order to release the ‘demonic spirits’ that were ‘causing’ their disorder

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11
Q

Lobotomy

A

Surgical procedure to damage or remove the frontal lobe to treat mental illness

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12
Q

DSM-5

A

The diagnostic and statistical manual of disorders written by the APA. Contains sets of diagnostic criteria (the symptoms being experienced) grouped into categories to help clinicians effectively diagnose and care.

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13
Q

Anxiety: Classical and Operant Conditioning

A

When bad things happen unpredictably and uncontrollably, anxiety or other disorders often develop

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14
Q

Anxiety: Observational Learning

A

Anxiety can develop from observing others’ fear

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15
Q

Anxiety: Cognition

A

Our interpretations or irrational beliefs can cause feelings of anxiety. Those with anxiety tend to be hypervigilant.
EX: House creaking could be seen as wind or potential burglar

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16
Q

Anxiety: Natural Selection

A

We humans seem biologically prepared to fear threats faced by our ancestors

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17
Q

Anxiety: Genes

A

Some are more anxious due to genes passed on. Twins are often more vulnerable to anxiety disorders.

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18
Q

Anxiety: The Brain

A

Generalized anxiety, panic attacks, PTSD, and OCD are manifested biologically as an over arousal of brain areas involved in impulse control and habitual behaviors.
When the disordered brain detects that something is amiss, it seems to generate a mental hiccup of repeating thoughts or actions

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19
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A

Pathological disorders characterized by distressing persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

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20
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

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21
Q

Panic Disorder

A

Anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations that is often followed by worry over a possible next attack

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22
Q

Phobia

A

Anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation

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23
Q

Social Anxiety Disorder

A

Intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of social situations

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24
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide-open places, where one feels a loss of control and panic

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25
Q

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A

Disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

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26
Q

PostTraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A

A disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for more than 4 weeks after a traumatic experience

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27
Q

Mood Disorders: Social-Cognitive Perspective

A

Negative thoughts and negative moods interact

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28
Q

Rumination

A

Compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes

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29
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

Two (or more) weeks with 5+ symptoms. Symptoms must include either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure. Mood must be without drugs or other medical condition

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30
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

Alternating between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

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31
Q

Mania

A

Hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

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32
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished or inappropriate emotional expression.

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33
Q

Psychosis

A

A person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perception

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34
Q

Hallucinations

A

False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

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35
Q

Delusions

A

False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

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36
Q

Somatic Symptom Disorder

A

Symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without any apparent physical cause

37
Q

Conversion Disorder

A

A person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no psychological basis can be found

38
Q

Illness Anxiety

A

A person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease. Formerly called hypochondriasis

39
Q

Dissociative Disorders

A

Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

40
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

A

A rare disorder in which a person exhibits 2 or more distinct and alternating personalities

41
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

A person (usually adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly (15% or more) underweight

42
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

A person alternates binge eating (usually high calorie foods) with purging (by laxative use or vomiting), excessive exercise, or fasting

43
Q

Binge-Eating Disorder

A

Significant binge-eating disorder, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging or fasting that makes bulimia nervosa

44
Q

Personality Disorders

A

Characterized by inflexible and enduring patterns that impair social functioning

45
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A

A person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even towards friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless, or a clever con artist

46
Q

Commonalities in Treatment

A

Hope for demoralized people
A new perspective
An empathetic, trusting, and caring relationship

47
Q

Therapeutic Alliance

A

A bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client’s problem

48
Q

Outcome Research

A

Hans Eysenck summarized studies showing 2/3 of people receiving psychotherapy for nonpsychotic disorders improved remarkably. Showed that there was improvement for those untreated and that time was a great healer

49
Q

Meta-Analysis

A

Procedure for statistically combining the results of different research studies

50
Q

Evidence-Based Practice

A

Clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preference

51
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

52
Q

Antipsychotic Drugs

A

Used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder

53
Q

Antianxiety Drugs

A

Used to control anxiety and agitation

54
Q

Antidepressant Drugs

A

Used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD

55
Q

Mood-Stabilizing Medications

A

For those suffering the emotional highs and lows of bipolar disorder

56
Q

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

A

A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electrical current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

57
Q

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)

A

The application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity

58
Q

Deep-Brain Stimulation

A

Sometimes used to treat Parkinson’s tremors. Bridges the thinking frontal lobes to the limbic system and calms when treated by ECT or antidepressants

59
Q

Psychosurgery

A

Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

60
Q

Lobotomy

A

Procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. Cut the nerves connecting he fontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain

61
Q

Lifestyle Change

A

Everything psychological is also biological. Improve lifestyle, improve mood

62
Q

Psychotherapy

A

Treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a train therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.

63
Q

Biomedical Therapy

A

Prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person’s psychology

64
Q

Eclectic Approach

A

An approach that, depending on the client’s problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

65
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Freud’s therapeutic technique. Free associations allow the patient included self-insight

66
Q

Psychoanalysis: Resistance

A

The blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

67
Q

Psychoanalysis: Intepretation

A

The analyst’s supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events leading to insight

68
Q

Psychoanalysis: Transfereces

A

The patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships

69
Q

Psychodynamic Therapy

A

Deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight. Shown to help depressions and anxiety

70
Q

Insight Therapy

A

A variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person’s awareness of underlying motives and defences

71
Q

Client-Centred Therapy

A

Developed by Carl Rogers. Therapist uses techniques such as active listening withing a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to facilitate clients’ growth

72
Q

Active Listening

A

Empathetic listening in which the listener echos, restates, and clarifies

73
Q

Unconditional Positive Regard

A

A caring, accepting, non-judgemental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

74
Q

Cognitive Therapy

A

Teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

75
Q

Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

A

A confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people’s illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions

76
Q

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

A

A population integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self defeating thinking) with behavioral (changing behavioral)

77
Q

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

A

A population integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self defeating thinking) with behavioral (changing behavior)

78
Q

Group Therapy

A

Conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction

79
Q

Family Therapy

A

Treats the family as a system, viewing an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members

80
Q

Self-Help Groups

A

Focus on stigmatized or hard-to-discuss illnesses

81
Q

Behavioral Therapies

A

Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

82
Q

Counter Conditioning

A

Using classical conditioning to evoke new responses to the stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapy and aversive conditioning

83
Q

Exposure Therapy

A

Behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and VR exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid

84
Q

Systematic Desensitization

A

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli; commonly used to treat phobias

85
Q

VR Exposure Therapy

A

An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to electronic simulations of their greatest fears

86
Q

Aversive Conditioning

A

A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (feeling nauseous) with an unwanted behavior (drinking alcohol)

87
Q

Token Economy

A

People earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior, and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

88
Q

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)

A

Developed by Francine Shapiro. Thought that eye movement helps with anxious thoughts. Works by imagining traumatic scenes and moving your eyes, thereby ‘unlocking’ and reprocessing previously frozen memories. Similar to hypnosis

89
Q

Light Exposure Therapy

A

Lack of sunlight can lead to a seasonal pattern for major depressive disorder

AP Psych (9 decks)

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