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AP Psych > Unit 7: Personality, Motivation, and Emotion > Flashcards

Unit 7: Personality, Motivation, and Emotion Flashcards

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1
Q

Free Association

A

Freud’s method of exploring the unconscious. The person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

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2
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Freud’s theory of personality. Attributes thoughts + actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. Treatment seeks to expose & interpret unconscious tensions

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3
Q

Unconscious

A

A reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, withies, feelings, and memories. Also refers to information processing we are not aware of

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4
Q

Id

A

Reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. Operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification. One of the three parts, alongside Ego and Superego

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5
Q

Ego

A

The mostly conscious executive part of the personality that mediated among the demands of the ID, superego, and reality. Operates on the reality principle, satisfying the Id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

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6
Q

Superego

A

Personality part that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement and future asperations. A result of the morality principle - the internalized need to comply with parental & other authority

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7
Q

Defense Mechanism

A

The Ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

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8
Q

Repression

A

Basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from the consciousness

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9
Q

Psychosexual Stages

A

The childhood stages of development during which the Id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on erogenous zones

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10
Q

Oedipus Complex

A

A boy’s sexual desires toward his mother, and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the ‘rival’ father

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11
Q

Identification

A

The process by which children incorporate their parent’s values into their developing superegos

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12
Q

Fixation

A

A lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts do not allow the stage to end.

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13
Q

Alfred Adler

A

Disagreed with Freud’s emphasis on biological sexual impulses, and believed that aggression or willpower was the more important drive

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14
Q

Individual Psychology

A

Emphasized the drive to reach goals and find purpose

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15
Q

Compensation

A

Involves dealing with feelings of inferiority, real or imagined, by developing one’s abilities

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16
Q

Inferiority Complex (Overcompensation)

A

Hiding feelings of inferiority by flaunting superficial indicators of superiority, such as wealth, status, or good looks

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17
Q

Karen Horney

A

Rejected Freud’s emphasis on sex. Argued that women envied men’s superior status in society and that culture was the main driver in the formation of personality, not body anatomy.
Emphasized children’s need for love and security in the formation of a health personality. Not having those things could lead to anxiety or hostility

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18
Q

Carl Jung

A

Concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’s history. Saw the unconscious as two parts, personal and collective

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19
Q

Personal Unconscious

A

Contains all of one’s repressed thoughts, memories, and emotions

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20
Q

Collective Unconscious

A

Stores the shared sense of universal experiences common to hall human beings. Organized into 3archetypes (universal concepts that influence our behavior and personality), the Shadow, Animus, and Anima

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21
Q

Shadow

A

One of the 3 collective unconscious archetypes. Represents the evil or dark side of human nature.

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22
Q

Animus

A

One of the 3 collective unconscious archetypes. Represents the masculine archetypes in women

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23
Q

Anima

A

One of the 3 collective unconscious archetypes. Represents the feminine archetype in med

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24
Q

Projective Test

A

Personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics

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25
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

A projective test in which people express their inner feeling and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

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26
Q

Rorschach Inkblot Test

A

The most widely used projective test. A set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach, that seeks to identify one’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretation of the blots

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27
Q

False Consensus Effect

A

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and our behaviors

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28
Q

Terror-Management Theory

A

A theory of death-related anxiety. Explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death

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29
Q

Trait Theorists

A

Focus on the hidden forces behind behavior and personality, and on observable/measurable traits

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30
Q

Traits

A

Stable personality characteristic of behavior, thought processes, and emotions. Also includes conscious motives

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31
Q

Personality Inventories

A

Longer questionnaires covering a wide range of feelings and behaviors, assessing several traits at once.

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32
Q

Minnesota multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A

Assesses abnormal personality tendencies and illustrates a good way of developing a personality inventory

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33
Q

Gordon Albert

A

First psychologist to develop a comprehensive theory centered on traits. Rejected psychoanalysis and unscientific & impractical

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34
Q

Raymond Cattel

A

Used the statistical method (factor analysis) to identify clusters of traits that are related to each other.
Also added to Spearman’s idea of general intelligence - believed there were two distinct types of intelligence, fluid and crystalized

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35
Q

Factor Analysis

A

Analyzes multiple variable that are correlated and identifies how those correlations connect with each other

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36
Q

Surface Traits

A

Observable behaviors

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37
Q

Source Traits

A

Fundamental characteristics that drive personality and result in the observable surface traits

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38
Q

Julian Rotter

A

Developed two key concepts: cognitive expectancy and locus of control

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39
Q

Cognitive Expectancy

A

The belief that one’s behavior will yield the desired outcome

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40
Q

Locus of Control

A

One’s belief about where the forces that determine outcome are. Internal locus believe their actions will result in the desired outcome, external locus believe in things like luck or fate

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41
Q

George Kelly

A

Developed cognitive theory of personality (people’s knowledge about the world)

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42
Q

Fundamental Postulate

A

States that long-term patterns of behavior are based on how people view the world. EX if people view the world as threatening, they are more cautious interacting with others

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43
Q

Personal-Construct Theory

A

Personality is the compilation of all the mental constructs they have when cognitively processing the world around them, as well as the behavior they exhibit based on those constructs

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44
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Proposed that 3 factors interact to determine patterns of behavior and thus personality. Factors: person, environment, and behavior

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45
Q

Reciprocal Determinism

A

A person’s behavior (actions or decisions), environment, and personal factors interact to determine behavior

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46
Q

Observational Learning

A

People see other’s actions and the consequences of those actions, then incorporate those behaviors into their own behavior
EX: Bandura’s bobo doll experiment

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47
Q

Hans and Sybil Eysenck

A

Used factor analysis to analyze traits. Arrive at 3 genetically influenced dimensions of personality, called temperament. Included: Extraversion/Introversions, Neuroticism/Stability, and Psychoticism/Socialization

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48
Q

Extraversion/Introversions

A

Needing either more or less external stimuli

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49
Q

Neurodicism/Stability

A

The degree of emotional stability

50
Q

Psychoticism/Socialization

A

The degree of aggression and nonconformity

51
Q

Costa and Robert McCrae

A

Developed list of 5 traits/factors, currently the most widely accepted model of traits. Demonstrated that their traits are stable in adulthood, are influenced by genetics, and predict behavior

52
Q

Humanistic Theories

A

View personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth

53
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

Created hierarchy of needs and embraced the basic goodness in human nature

54
Q

Self-Actualization

A

According to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs. Arises after basic physical & psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved. AKA the motivation to fulfill one’s potential

55
Q

Unconditional Positive Regard

A

According to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance towards another person. EX parent’s unconditional love/acceptance of children regardless of behavior

56
Q

Self-Concept

A

All of our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, answering the question of “who am I?”

57
Q

Carl Rogers

A

Believed people have an innate drive towards reaching their full potential. Also believed that people are born naturally good + born congruent between the real self and the ideal self

58
Q

Real Self

A

The recognition and acceptance of one’s natural self

59
Q

Ideal Self

A

Emerges as the result of interactions with the significant people in an individual’s life, particularly parents

60
Q

Conditions of Worth

A

Implicit or explicit standards for acceptance and love

61
Q

Fully Functioning Person

A

A person who strives to become and accept their genuine self

62
Q

Cultural Psychology

A

The study of how behavior and personality are both imbedded in cultures & influential in shaping that culture

63
Q

Cultural/Indigenous Approach

A

Focuses on studying the unique aspects of a culture, without reference to another culture

64
Q

Emic

A

From a perspective that is inside the culture, and looks at a single culture. Uses a bottom-up approach

65
Q

Cross-Cultural Approach

A

Focuses on understanding human behavior and thought in diverse cultural settings

66
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

The principle that a people’s customs, beliefs, and attitudes should be viewed from a neutral, unbiased perspective. And that there are no universal standards

67
Q

Early 20th Century Cultural Psychology

A

Before the early 20th century, Western culture dominated the field of anthropology (the study of human societies and cultures)

68
Q

Fran Boas

A

The first to reject scientific racism. Became the leading proponent of the idea that human behavior was a result of cultural differences and acquired through socialization. Coined Cultural Relativism

69
Q

Ruth Benedict

A

Continued Boas’ research into links between culture and personality. Studied culturally derived personality characteristic of American Indians and indigenous people near Papua New Guinea. Found that personality traits were fundamentally linked to the culture in which the people are socialized

70
Q

Margaret Mead

A

Rejected the idea that intelligence was a product soley of biology. Demonstrated that environmental factors, like family and socioeconomic factors, played a large role. Conducted research on differences between males and females - found that indigenous cultures and Papua New Guinea had different gender-specific personality traits

71
Q

Individualistic Cultures

A

The needs and desires of the individual take priority over needs of the group

72
Q

Collectivistic Cultures

A

The needs and desires of the group take priority over the individual

73
Q

Ego-Focused Emotions

A

Centered on internal independent attributions. Reinforce our independent, autonomous, and self-defining sense of self (anger, pride, and happiness)

74
Q

Other-Focused Emotions

A

Experienced in a social context or relational situation, serve to reinforce the interdependent needs of the group or relationship

75
Q

Ecology

A

The study of how organisms interact with one another and their nonliving environment
The physical environment, including natural resources, terrain, and climate significantly influence development of culture. EX cultures of NA Inuit groups, Japan, Austraulia, etc

76
Q

Cultural Syndrome

A

A pattern of behaviors unique to a specific culture

77
Q

Construal

A

How people perceive themselves and interpret interactions with others

78
Q

Independent Self-Construal

A

People look at their identity by looking at qualities

79
Q

Interdependent Slef-Construal

A

Social relationships take priority, not ones identity as an individual

80
Q

Intelligence

A

Many definitions
- Success
- One’s ability to successfully navigate day-to-day life
- Ability to solve novel problems
- More…

81
Q

Achievement Tests

A

Identify what individuals know and their skill level in different areas (like a unit test/final exam)

82
Q

Aptitude Test

A

Measures ability in certain areas (ex numerical, verbal or mechanical reasoning, problem solving, spatial awareness, etc)

83
Q

Intelligence Tests

A

Measure individual differences by comparing one’s results to others that have taken the same test

84
Q

Psychometric Psychologists

A

Focus on measuring and assessing a number of traits, including intelligence

85
Q

Sir Francis Galton

A

One of the first to attempt to measure levels of intelligence. Created concept of correlation and nature vs nurture. Believed tests of physical and sensory strength revealed mental capacity. Believed in heritability and eugenics

86
Q

Heritability

A

Genetic basis for intelligence

87
Q

Eugenics

A

Promoting reproduction for the highly intelligent, and sterilization / no reproduction for those with “less desirable traits”

88
Q

Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale

A

Intelligence scale made for French Government to identify children that would benefit from extra help before starting formal education. Gave takers a mental age, allowing assessors to identify children ahead/behind their peers

89
Q

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test

A

Modified test to be more appropriate for American audiences. Had wider range of subjects

90
Q

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

A

Created by William Stern. Took one’s mental age, divided it by chronological age, and multiplied that by 100, to show if a child was ahead or behind peers

91
Q

Wechsler Intelligence Scales

A

Weschler believed Stanford-Binet assessment did not measure all of someone’s intelligence, so he made new one. Kept visual scale (including traditional intelligence test components), and added performance test

92
Q

Performance Test

A

Measured perceptual organization and processing speed

93
Q

Factory Analysis

A

Spearman found that individuals that scored high on one measure of intelligence (like vocab) often also scored high on other measures of intelligence (like math)

94
Q

Primary Mental Abilities

A

Thurstone identified 7 primary factors that composed intelligence
- Memory
- Numerical Ability
- Work Fluency
- Verbal Comprehension
- Spatial Ability
- Perceptual SPeed
- Inductive Reasoning

95
Q

Fluid Factor

A

One type of intelligence proposed by Cattell. Demonstrated by recognizing patterns, seeing relationships, and using logic to solve novel problems w/ using past knowledge

96
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

Represents one’s accumulated knowledge

97
Q

Standardization

A

The procedures by which an exam is created, administered, and scored

98
Q

Norms

A

The distribution of scores of a clearly defined group

99
Q

Norm-Referenced Test

A

Test that allows you to be compared to the sample group of test takers and determine your relative position in the testing group

100
Q

Percentile Rank

A

Used to indicate the percentage of people in a population who scored equal to or above an individuals score

101
Q

Validity

A

The degree to which assessments succeed in measuring what they are designed to measure

102
Q

Content Validity

A

When a test measures the content/subject of what it was desigened to measure

103
Q

Face Validity

A

To degree to which a test appears valid to the test taker

104
Q

Construct Validity

A

How well it represents/reflects a concept that is not directly measurable (a construct, if you will)

105
Q

Concurrent Validity

A

Whether tests given at the same time, that claim to measure the same characteristic, have matching results

106
Q

Predictive Validity

A

Assessments that accurately forecast performance on a future measure (eg a future aptitude test)

107
Q

Reliability

A

An assessments consistency and stability of results

108
Q

Test-Retest Reliability

A

The degree to which an assessment yields similar individual results each time it is taken

109
Q

Alternate-Forms Reliability

A

The degree to which different versions of the test yield similar results

110
Q

Split-Half Reliability

A

The degree to which 2 halves of an exam have equal difficulties

111
Q

Interrater Reliability

A

The degree to which different raters of an exam agree on the score

112
Q

Savant Syndrome

A

Condition characterized by generally low scores on traditional intelligence tests, but one or more extraordinary abilities

113
Q

Intellectual Disability

A

Scoring two or more standard deviations below the norm on a traditional IQ test

114
Q

Down Syndrome

A

Disorder characterized by an extra chromosome 21. Can cause things like below average brain size and weight, and clumsy/slow muscle movements

115
Q

Giftedness

A

Scoring two or more standard deviations above the mean

116
Q

Stereotype Threat

A

Stereotypes can influence results by causing anxiety and resulting in the expectation being fulfilled
EX a group of women told that women are worse at math will score worse on a math test than women told nothing

117
Q

Culture-Fair

A

Independent of knowledge from any specific culture

118
Q

Multiple Intelligence

A

Gardener expanded idea that intelligence is made up of more than one factor. Had theory of 8 different, independent types of intelligence that combine in different settings
- Logical-Mathematical
- Linguistic
- Spatial
- Body-Kinesthetic
- Musical
- Interpersonal
- Intrapersonal
- Naturalistic

119
Q

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

A

Sternberg agreed with Gardener, but proposed that intelligence types were in 3 broad categories: practical, analytical, and creative

120
Q

Emotional Intelligence

A

Social skills, like the ability to read emotions in others or managing/expressing your own emotions

AP Psych (9 decks)

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