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AP Psych > Unit 4: Learning > Flashcards

Unit 4: Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning

A

The process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

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2
Q

Habituation

A

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated exposure to a stimulus

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3
Q

Associative Learning

A

Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequence (as in operant conditioning)

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4
Q

Stimulus

A

Any event or situation that evokes a response

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5
Q

Respondent Behavior

A

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

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6
Q

Operant Behavior

A

Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

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7
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

A type of learning in which we link two or more stimuli; as a result, to illustrate with Pavlov’s classic experiment, the first stimulus ( a tone) comes to elicit behavior (drooling) in anticipation of the second stimulus (food)

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7
Q

Cognitive Learning

A

The acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

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8
Q

Behaviorism

A

The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)

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9
Q

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

A

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

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10
Q

Unconditioned Response (UR)

A

In classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salvation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in the mouth)

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11
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

A

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally – naturally and automatically – triggers an unconditioned response (UR)

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12
Q

Conditioned Response (CR)

A

In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)

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13
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

In classical conditioning, an originally neutral stimulus, that after associating with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR)

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14
Q

Acquisition

A

In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response

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15
Q

Higher-Order Conditioning

A

A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus

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16
Q

Extinction

A

The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when the unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

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17
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

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18
Q

Generalization

A

The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

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19
Q

Discrimination

A

(1) in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. (2) in operant conditioning, the ability to distinguish responses that are reinforced for similar responses that are not reinforced.

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20
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

A type of learning in which a behavior becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer or less likely to recur if followed by a punisher

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21
Q

Law of Effect

A

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favourable consequences becomes more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavourable consequences becomes less likely

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22
Q

Operant Chamber

A

In operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner Box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking

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23
Q

Reinforcement

A

In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

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24
Q

Shaping

A

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. EX clicker training

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25
Q

Discriminative Stimulus

A

In operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)

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26
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. Strengthes (encourages) the response

27
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

Increasing behaviors by stopping or removing aversive stimuli. Strengthens (encourages) the response

28
Q

Primary Reinforcer

A

An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

29
Q

Conditioned Reinforcement

A

A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer

30
Q

Reinforcement Schedule

A

A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

31
Q

Continuous Reinforcement Schedule

A

Reinforcing the desired response everytime it occurs

32
Q

Partial Reinforcement Schedule

A

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

33
Q

Partial Reinforcement Schedule

A

Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction that does continuous reinforcement

34
Q

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

A

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

35
Q

Fixed-Interval Schedule

A

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

36
Q

Variable-Interval Schedule

A

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

37
Q

Variable-Ratio Schedule

A

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

38
Q

Punishment

A

An event that tends to decease the behavior it follows

39
Q

Biofeedback

A

A system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension

40
Q

Preparedness

A

A biological predisposition to learn associations, such as between taste and nausea, that have survival value

41
Q

Instinctive Drift

A

The tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns

42
Q

Cognitive Map

A

A mental representation of the layout of one’s environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it

43
Q

Latent Learning

A

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate

44
Q

Insight

A

A sudden realization of a problem’s solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions

45
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

46
Q

Extrinsic Motivation

A

A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

47
Q

Problem-Focused Coping

A

Attempting to alleviate stress directly – by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

48
Q

Emotion-Focused Coping

A

Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction

49
Q

Personal Control

A

Our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless

50
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or person learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

51
Q

External Locus of Control

A

The perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate

52
Q

Internal Locus of Control

A

The perception that we control our own fate

53
Q

Self-Control

A

The ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards

54
Q

Observational Learning

A

Learning by observing others

55
Q

Modeling

A

The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

56
Q

Mirror Neutrons

A

Frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when we perform certain actions or observe another doing so. The brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and empathy

57
Q

Prosocial Behavior

A

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior

58
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Conducted studies on classical conditioning with a focus on the association of stimuli

59
Q

Edward L. Thorndike

A

Created the law of effect, the principle that rewarded behavior is likely to continue

60
Q

Edward C. Tolman

A

Studied cognitive mapping and latent learning as a cognitive component of operant learning

61
Q

John B. Watson

A

Conducted the “Little Albert” study, known as a radical behaviorist for his focus on outward behaviors and disregard for thoughts, feelings, and motives

62
Q

John Garcia

A

Developed the idea of taste aversion, a component of classical conditioning now known as the “Garcia Effect”

63
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Famous for conducting the Bobo Doll experiment and his theories on social learning

64
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

Behaviorist who studied operant conditioning and the effect that reinforcement and punishment have on behavior

AP Psych (9 decks)

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