Unit 6: Development Flashcards
Genotype
Genetic characteristics
Phenotype
Physical characteristics
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Inability to produce enzymes to digest proteins. Inherited disorder; autosomal recessive (similar to Tay-Sachs, sickle cell cystic fibrosis). Has neurological impairment
Down Syndrome / Trisomy 21
Not usually inherited, usually caused by gene copying error. Has physical growth delays and intellectual disabilities
Germinal Stage
Zygote stage 0-2 weeks. Undergoes rapid cell division. XX or XY determined by father. Least vulnerable to environmental influences
Zygote
Fertilized egg
Placenta
Whatever the mother breathes, eats, or drinks may impact the course of development
Embryonic Stage
3-8 weeks. Embryo is provided nourishment and oxygen by the placenta. Organs begin forming, heart begins to beat, central nervous system begins to develop - neural tube closes
Fetus Stage
9-38 weeks. Sex organs differentiate, toes and fingers grow, hearing develops, lungs develop, being has rapid growth, bones and muscles develop
Teratogens
Any environmental agent that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Epigenetic effect. AKA leaves chemical marks on DNA that switch genes abnormally
Habituation
A decrease in responding with repeated stimulation
Brain Development
Maturation - biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
Motor Development (Physical Coordination)
Genes guide motor development - identical twins typically begin walking on the same day
Cognition
All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Schema
A concept of framework that organizes and interprets information. Mental representation of what we know
Assimilation
Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas. Using a schema (representation of what we know) to interpret a stimulus - EX a child sees a cat, calls it a dog because it has 4 legs
Accomodation
Adapting our current understanding (schemas) to incorporate new information. Altering schemas (representations of what we know) to incorporate new information - EX cats meow, dogs bark, they’re different animals
Piaget Stages - Sensorimotor
Birth-2 years. Uses senses and motor skills, items are known by use, object permanence. They take in the world through their senses and actions
Object Permanence
The awareness that things continue to exist when not perceived
A-not-B test (Preservative Error)
An error in the mental perception of objects seen in infants before the age of 1. By the time an infant is around 8mo, they can realize that objects that are hidden still exist, and have not disappeared
Piaget Stage - Preoperational / Symbolic
2-7 years. Symbolic thinking, languaged used; egocentric thinking, imagination/experience grow, child de-centers. Objects & ideas have singular meaning. Pretend symbolic play - objects ‘stand in’ for other objects
Conservation
The principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
Theory of Mind
People’s ideas about their own and other’s mental states. Leads to empathy - child can infer the emotional state of a friend who is injured on the playground or left out of a game
Egocentrism
Inability to see another’s point of view
Piaget Stage - Concrete Operational
7-11 years.
Logic applied, objective/rational interpretations; conservation, numbers, ideas, classifications. Gain mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. Begins comprehending math transformations and stronger sense of conservations
Logical thinking ~age 12, begins to think logically about abstract concepts
Reversibility
Numbers or objects can be changed and returned to their original condition
Classificaiton
Ability to group objects based on multiple properties
Serialion
Arranging objects in order based on a specific classification
Piaget Stage - Formal Operational
12+. Thinks abstractly, hypothetical ideas; ethics, politics, social/moral issues explored
Stranger Anxiety
The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by bout 8 months old
Attatchment
A close emotional tie with another person, shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
Body Contact
Much parent-infant emotional communication occurs via touch
Critical Period
An optimal period early in life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development
Imprinting
The process by which certain animals form string attachment during an early-life is critical
Temperament
A person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
Basic Trust
According to Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
Identity
Out sense of self, according the Erikson, the adolescents task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
Social Identity
The “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer for “who am I?” that comes from out group memberships
Intimacy
In Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; the primary developmental task in late adolescence and early childhood
Emerging Adulthood
A period from the late teens to mid 20s, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and responsible adulthood
Identity Status
By James Marcia. Identity crisis. Not uniform across all development aspects: work, religion, politics
Adolescent Egocentrism
By Piaget. Formal operational abstract / hypothetical thinking. Able to imagine how others view them. Leads to an imaginary audience & personal fables
Imaginary Audience
An adolescent tendency to believe that others are watching and evaluating them (self-conscious behavior)
Personal Fable
An adolescent belief that they are special and unique, none of life’s difficulties or proles will affect them, regardless of their behavior (risking-taking behavior)
Adolescent Risk-Taking Behavior (Biopsychosocial Approach)
Biological - Prefrontal cortex unable to mediate actions of limbic system
Social - Influence of peers
Psychological - Personal fable
Brain in Aging
Regional loss of volume (in frontal lobe, cerebellum). Telomeres shorten, decreased plasticity. Risk of dementia (decrease in the ability to think and remember)
Memory in Aging
Procedural and semantic stable, decline in working memory, impacts fluid intelligence declines
Other Changes in Aging
Vision (presbyopia), declining sex hormone levels, loss of muscle mass
Menopause
The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a women experiences as her ability to reproduce declines
Cross-Sectional Study
A study in which people of different ages are compared to one another
Longitudinal Study
Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period
Social Clock
The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement
Puberty
The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
Primary Sex Characteristics
The body structures that make sexual reproduction possible
Secondary Sex Characteristics
Nonreproductive sexual traits, such as hips, voice, body hair, etc
Merache
The first menstrual period
AIDS
A life threatening, sexually transmitted infection caused by HIV. It depletes the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infections
Sexual Orientation
An enduring sexual attraction towards members of either one’s own sex, the other sex, or both sexes
Lawrence Kohlberg
Longitudinal study from 1958-178, included 72 males ages 10-16. Conclusions: Identified 3 distinct levels of morality and 2 stages in each level. Progression through stages was consistent among sample. Speed of progression differed by socioeconomic class
Level 1 - Pre-Morality
Punishment and obedience orientation. Doing what is right because of fear of punishment.
Hedonistic Orientation. Doing what is right for personal gain, perhaps a reward
Level 2 - Conventional Morality
Interpersonal Concordance Orientation. Doing what is right according to the majority to be a good boy/girl
Law and Order Orientation. Doing what is right because it is your duty and helps society
Level 3 - Post-Conventional Morality
Social Contract / Legalistic Orientation. Doing what is right, even if it is against the law, because the law is too restrictive
Universal Ethical Principles Orientation. Doing what is right because our inner conscious, which has absorbed the principles of justice, equality, and sacredness of life
Gender
The socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines male and female
Gender and Aggression
Women are more likely to use “indirect aggression” (malicious gossip) and men are more likely to use psychosocial violence
Gender and Social Power
As leaders, men tend to be seen as more directive and women as more democratic, welcoming other viewpoints and decisions
EX men often talk more assertively, interrupt others, initiate touches, and smile/apologize less
Gender Roles
Expected behaviors for males and females based on culture
Role
A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
Gender Stereotypes
A schema children develop about the behavior of people based on their gender
Gender Schema Theory
Children actively form mental categories (schemas) for masculinity and femininity, recognize their own gender role, and select activities to match that role
Gender Identity
A complex concept that is influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors. Our sense of being male/female
Social Learning Theory
Theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating others, and by being rewarded/punished for acting a certain way
Gender Schema
Your framework for organizing boy-girl characteristics, which then become a lens through which you view your experiences
Transgender
Umbrella term that describes people whose gender identity or expression differs from those associated with their birth sex
