Unit 9 - Plants Flashcards
Are plants autotrophs or heterotrophic? Are they motile or immotile?
Autotrophic, imotile
What are plant cell walls made up of?
Cellulose
What do plasmodesmata do?
Link together plant cells
What is the function of dermal tissue? What is the function of vascular tissue?
Dermal tissue- protection
Vascular tissue- transportation
What does xylem carry? What direction does it move?
What does pholem carry? What direction does it move?
Xylem- carries water from Roots to the plant
Pholem- Carries sugar from leaves to plant
What are the three functions of ground tissue?
What is the purpose of meristem tissue?
Ground tissue- photosynthesis, storage, structure
Meristem tissue- purpose is growth
Name two organisms that are like plants but aren’t
Cyanobacteria
Algae (green, brown, red)
Distinguish between bryophytes and tracheophytes
Bryophytes- means “Moss plant”, no vascular tissue
Tracheophyte- means “ tube plant”, has vascular tissue
There are two types of tracheophytes, seed and seedless. Name four seedless plants.
{Ferns}
Whisk ferns
Horse tails
Club mosses
There are two types of tracheophytes. Seed and seedless plants. What are the two groups that are included in seed plants?
Angiosperm and gymnosperms
What is a gymnosperm?
What is an angiosperm?
Gymnosperm- “naked seed”
Includes: {conifers}, ginkgos, cycads, gnetophytes
Angiosperm- “vessel seed”
Includes: {flowering plants}
Explain photosynthesis
(I’ll fill this in later when I understand it)
What is the chemical formula for photosynthesis?
6CO(2) + 6H(2)➡️ C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6O(2)
() Means little number
Algae
Green, Brown, and Red
Green
-Varied, but mostly Unicellular
- Oxygen producers
-Low level food source
- Asexual and sexual
Brown
-Varied, filamentous or multicellular
- Oxygen producers
-low level food source
-mats of it offer shelter for many life forms
-Asexual and sexual
Red
-Varied, some Unicellular, some filamentous
-oxygen producers, dwell deeply in ocean
- sexual and asexual
Bryophyta
Moss, Liverworts, Hornworts
Moss
- nonvascular, 3 types: peat moss, true moss, rock moss
- mainly good for primary succession and soil formation
- asexual via fragmentation, sexual/asexual via alternating life cycles
Liverworts
- chambered structure
- often found growing on moist soil after a fire, early colonizer
- asexual via fragmentation, sexual asexual via alternating life cycles
Hornworts
- mutualistic relationship with cyanobacteria
- asexual via fragmentation, sexual/ asexual via alternating lifecycles
What does it mean that tracheophytes contain vascular tissue?
-They have tubes
-They can transport water and food across long distances
- they can reach larger sizes
If a tracheophyte is seedless, how do they reproduce?
If a tracheophyte has seeds, how do they reproduce?
If they are seedless they reproduce with spores. These plants have alternating sexual and asexual generations, kind of like moss.
If they have seeds they reproduce with seeds
What is a frond?
What is a fiddlehead?
Frond is a leaf of a Fern
A fiddlehead is a juvenile frond
Seedless Plants
Ferns, whisk ferns, club Moss, horsetails
All four reproduce with spores.
Ferns- common in tropical areas, excellent ear cleaners
Whisk ferns- Dichototomous stem arrangement
Club moss- resemble clubs made of moss, highly explosive
Horsetails- either single shafts or branching shafts, thermal tissue includes silicone dioxide (makes up glass and sand)
Conifers
Means “cone bearer”
Pines- {bundled} needles and Bunches of two to five
Spruces-{square} single needles
Firs- {flat} single needles
Cedars- {scales} instead of needles
Do conifers have male or female cones?
Some trees are male, some teams are female, some trees possess both sexes on differing branches.
Comes produce either female parts (ovaries) or male parts (pollen)
Conifers possess resin canals. What is the point of resin?
Resin defends the tree from insects that would try to eat it. It also defends the tree from fungi.
Why do conifers tend to be found more frequently in the north?
( again, I’ll answer this question when I get the answer)
What is the conifer’s use for man?
- gives us soft wood
- some are edible
- juniper berries are edible and the flowers are used to flavor gin
- some conifers like yew, are deadly
Ginkoes
-Only one species- The ginkgo tree
- ginkgo trees possess the only dichotomous leaves in the plant Kingdom
Cycads and Gnetophytes
Cycads- tropical plants, either male or female
Gnetophytes- they exist, insignificant
Angiosperms are split into what two groups? Explain each group.
Monocots- includes grass, one original leaf from their seed
Dicots- includes everything except grass, two original leaves from their seeds
Angiosperm Structure: Roots
What do Roots do for the plant?
- Roots provide plants with structure
- Roots will absorb water through their dermal and gram tissues into their vascular tissues
- not really relevant to the question but root hairs have a large amount of surface area
Angiosperm structure stems
Stems consist of large amounts of vascular tissue. Sometimes ground tissue also is present as pith which serves as storage space
Anglosperm structure: leaves
Leaves are the organs of photosynthesis
Leaves a lot of water to leave the plant and gas to enter and exit the plant
What is transpiration?
When water is drawn through the plant from the roots through the leaves.
What is the gas exchange done by leaves?
Carbon dioxide enters the leaf through tiny holes, Oxygen leaves these holes after being made in photosynthesis.
The leaf is entrance and exit for gas.
What is the structure of a angiosperm leaf?
Cuticle- waxy layer secreted by cells, useful in keeping water balanced
Epidermis- secretes the cuticle, does not photosynthesize
Mesophyll- Middle layer, ground tissue, photosynthesizers
Palisade Mesophyll- Top layer, dense for efficiency
Spongy Mesophyll- bottom layer, loose for gas movement
What is stomata?
What are guard cells?
Stomata- The holes in the bottom of the epidermis
Guard cells- The cells that open and close the holes
How is angiosperm reproduction done?
Angiosperm reproduction is sexual, it takes place with a gametes made in flowers.
This is done using pollinators, once a flower gets fertilized a fruit develops.
What are the three stem arrangements?
Opposite
Alternate
Whorled
What are the four blade shapes?
Entire
Serrate
Toothed
Lobed
What are the four vein arrangements?
Parallel
Pinnate
Palmate
Dichotomous
Flowers consist of several parts. What are they?
Stamen- Male part of the flower
Pistil- female part of the flower
Petal
Sepal
Drupes
One fruit, one stone, one seed
Peaches, cherries, plums, coconuts, walnuts, almonds, pecans
Berries
One fruit, soft without Stone, several seeds
Blueberries, kiwi, banana, coffee, tomato, pomegranate, grapes
Nuts
One hard fruit
Chestnuts, acorn, hickory
Legumes
Dry pod which splits in two
Peas, peanuts, beans
Pomes
Fleshy fruit, thin skin
Apples, pears
Hesperidium
Basically a berry with a rind
Oranges, lemons, limes
Samara
Winged seeds
Maple tree seeds
Grain
Seed with very thin, attached coating
Corn, rye, wheat, barley
Pepo
Like a berry but with an especially thick rind
Pumpkins, cucumbers, watermelons, squash, cantaloupe
Aggregate fruit
Cluster of fruit parts with many seeds developed from one flower with several ovaries
Strawberry, raspberry, blackberry
Multiple fruit
Several flowers ovaries combine
Pineapple, fig, mulberry, osage osage, breadfruit
