Unit 7 Study GUIDE Flashcards
Taxonomy
The organization of creatures (sorting living things)
Eight levels of hierarchy
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
5 Kingdoms
Animals, plants, fungi, monera, protists
Carl Linneaus Classification System
Sorted into Animal, Plant, Mineral
-Hiearchical Organization
- Binomial Nomenclature
Aristotle
- groups of “blood” and “no blood” (animals and plants)
- blood groups: mammals, fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, whales
Viruses
-Not Alive
- No cells
What is the structure of viruses?
- Outer shell: capsid, made of protein
- Inside: DNA or RNA
Cycle of Viruses
-Attachment
•virus locks onto a host
-Penetration
• The virus’s enzymes dissolve the cell wall, and genetic material is inserted.
-Replication and synthesis
• DNA or RNA hijacks the cell to make certain proteins
-Assembly
• The proteins assemble into new viruses.
-Release
• the cell explodes and viruses go everywhere, ready to repeat
Bacteria
-Prokaryotes
- Unicellular
-Alive
- helped with antibiotics to
Bacteria Structure
- DNA
•One chromosome
-Cytoplasm
• This cytoplasm contains very few organelles. The only one we care about is ribosomes, which the bacteria use to make proteins
Bacteria Envelope
Bacteria have three layers of their “outsides”.
-Cell membrane
(Gatekeeper of the cell)
- Cell wall
(Gives structure)
-Glycocalyx
(Additional layer of protection, made of carbs, bacteria with this are “bad”)
What is a protuberance?
A protuberance is something that protrudes. Some bacteria have things hanging off their cell envelope. One example of this is flagella which is used for movement.
How are bacteria diverse?
Varying shapes
-spirillum (a spiral)
- bacilli (a rod)
- Cocci ( a sphere)
Varying metabolisms for food acquisition
- Decomposers: these eat dead things
- photosynthesizers: some bacteria have chlorophyll and can therefore make their own food
Varying metabolism for air acquisition
-Aerobic- these need and like oxygen
-Facultative Anaerobes- these don’t need oxygen, they will use it if it is there
Obligate anaerobes- these are poison by oxygen
Diverse relationships: All symbiosis (living together)
Three basic forms:
Mutualism: both helped
Commensalism: one helped, one doesn’t care
Parasitism: one helped at the others expense
Protists
-Alive
-Eukaryotes
-Unicellular
-Normally most protists are motile and generate movement with flagella
- plant like protists and fungi like protists have cell walls, animal-like protists do not
Plankton
Plankton make up about 3/4 of the Earth’s oxygen, they are plant-like protists and are autotrophs.
