Unit 9: Part 2 Flashcards
Stranger anxiety
The fear of strangers that infants commonly display beginning at 8 months
Attachment
An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to their caregiver and show distress in separation
Harry Harlow
Experimented with monkeys and found monkeys preferred the comfy mother
Critical period
An optimal period when certain events must take place to facilitate proper development
Imprinting
The process by which certain animals form strong attachments
Strange situation
a procedure for studying child-caregiver attachment; a child is placed in an unfamiliar environment while their caregiver leaves and then returns, and the child’s reactions
are observed
Secure attachment
demonstrated by infants who comfortably explore environments in the presence of their caregiver, show only temporary distress when the caregiver leaves, and find comfort in the caregiver’s return
Insecure attachment
demonstrated by infants who display either a clinging, anxious attachment or an avoidant
attachment that resists closeness
Mary Ainsworth
Designed strange situation experiment
Temperament
a person’s innate and inborn characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
Basic trust
a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.
Self-concept
All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question, “who am I?”
Authoritarian style
Impose rules and demand obedience
Permissive style
Set few limits, make few demands and use little punishment
Negligent style
Careless, inattentive and do not seek a close relationship with children
Authoritative style
Set rules but allow open discussion and exception
Sex
The biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male and female
Gender
The socially influenced characteristics by which people define boy, girl, man, and woman
Aggression
Any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone emotionally or physically
Relational aggression
An act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a person’s relationship or social standing
Role
A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
Gender role
A set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for males or for females
Gender identity
Our sense of being male, female, or some combination of the two
Social learning theory
The theory that we learn social behavior by observing or imitating and by being rewarded or punished
Gender typing
The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role
Androgyny
Displaying both traditional masculine or feminine psychological characteristics
Transgender
An umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth-designated sex
