Unit 7: Part 1

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

Question 2

Recall

Answer 2

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as in a fill-in-the-blank test

Question 3

Recognition

Answer 3

A measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test

Question 4

Relearning

Answer 4

A measure of memory that accesses the amount of time saved when learning material again

Question 5

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Answer 5

He is a memory researcher famous for designing the retention curve (as rehearsal time increases; relearning time decreases)

Question 6

Encoding

Answer 6

The process of getting information into the memory system

Question 7

Storage

Answer 7

The process of retaining encoded information over time

Question 8

Retrieval

Answer 8

The process of getting information out of memory storage

Question 9

Parallel processing

Answer 9

Processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions

Question 10

Sensory memory

Answer 10

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in memory system

Question 11

Short-term memory

Answer 11

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten

Question 12

Long-term memory

Answer 12

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

Question 13

Working memory

Answer 13

A newer understanding of short term memory that’s adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual information and information retrieved from the long term memory

Question 14

Explicit memory (declarative memory)

Answer 14

The retention of facts and experiences from long term memory that one consciously knows and “declares”

Question 15

Effortful processing

Answer 15

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Question 16

Automatic processing

Answer 16

Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency and of well learned information such as word meaning

Question 17

Implicit memory (procedural memory)

Answer 17

Retention of learned skills of classically conditioned associations in long term memory independent of conscious recollection

Question 18

Iconic memory

Answer 18

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a picture image lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

Question 19

Echoic memory

Answer 19

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3-4 seconds

Question 20

George Miller

Answer 20

Proposed that we can store (7 +- 2 items) in short term memory

Question 21

Chunking

Answer 21

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units, often occur automatically

Question 22

Mnemonics

Answer 22

Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Question 23

Spacing effect

Answer 23

Tendency for distributed study practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through mass study or practice

Question 24

Testing effect

Answer 24

Enhanced memory after retrieving rather than rereading information (MC questions at end of each module)

Question 25

Shallow processing

Answer 25

Encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words

Question 26

Deep processing

Answer 26

Encoding semantically based on the meaning of words; tends to yield best retention

Question 27

Semantic memory

Answer 27

Explicit memory of facts and general knowledge

Question 28

Episodic memory

Answer 28

Explicit memory of personally experienced events

Question 29

Hippocampus

Answer 29

A neural center located in limbic system; helps process for storage explicit memories (conscious memories of facts and events)

Question 30

Memory consolidation

Answer 30

The neural storage of long-term memory

Question 31

Flashbulb memory

Answer 31

Clear, sustained long-term memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Question 32

Long-term potentiation

Answer 32

An increase in a cells firing potential after a brief, rapid stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory

Question 33

Priming

Answer 33

The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations thus predisposing one’s perceptions, memories, or responses

Question 34

Encoding specifically principle

Answer 34

The idea that clues and context specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it

Question 35

Mood-congruent memory

Answer 35

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current good or bad mood

Question 36

Serial position effect

Answer 36

Our tendency to recall best the last (recency effect) and first (primary effect) items in a list