Unit 7: Part 3 Flashcards
Algorithms
A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
Heuristics
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but more error prone
Insight
A sudden realization of a problems solution
Confirmation bias
A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
Fixation
The inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an obstacle to problem solving
Mental set
A tendency to approach a problem with the mindset of what has worked for us previously
Intuition
An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning
Representative heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes
Availability heuristics
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory
Overconfidence
The tendency to be more confident than correct-to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements
Belief perseverance
Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed had been discredited
Framing
The way an issue is posed or presented; how an issue is worded can affect decisions and judgements
Language
Our spoken, written or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
Phoneme
In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
Morpheme
In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word (such as prefix)
Grammar
In a language, a system of rules that enable us to communicate with and understand others
Noam Chomsky
A famous linguist who came up with universal grammar
Babbling stage
Beginning around four months, the stage of speech development in which an infant spontaneously utters various sounds unrelated to household language
One-word stage
The stage in speech development, from age 1-2 where a child speaks mostly in single words
Two-word stage
Beginning at age 2, the stage in speech development during which the child speaks mostly in two word statements
Telegraphic speech
Early speech stage in which a child speaks like s telegram-“go car”- usually mostly nouns and verbs
Linguistic determinism (Benjamin Lee Whorf)
Proposed that language controls the way we think and interpret the world around us
Linguistic influence
The idea that language affects our thinking (thus our thinking and world view is relative to our culture language)
