Unit 7: Part 3

Question 1

Algorithms

Answer 1

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

Question 2

Heuristics

Answer 2

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but more error prone

Question 3

Insight

Answer 3

A sudden realization of a problems solution

Question 4

Confirmation bias

Answer 4

A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Question 5

Fixation

Answer 5

The inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an obstacle to problem solving

Question 6

Mental set

Answer 6

A tendency to approach a problem with the mindset of what has worked for us previously

Question 7

Intuition

Answer 7

An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

Question 8

Representative heuristic

Answer 8

Estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes

Question 9

Availability heuristics

Answer 9

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

Question 10

Overconfidence

Answer 10

The tendency to be more confident than correct-to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements

Question 11

Belief perseverance

Answer 11

Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed had been discredited

Question 12

Framing

Answer 12

The way an issue is posed or presented; how an issue is worded can affect decisions and judgements

Question 13

Language

Answer 13

Our spoken, written or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

Question 14

Phoneme

Answer 14

In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

Question 15

Morpheme

Answer 15

In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word (such as prefix)

Question 16

Grammar

Answer 16

In a language, a system of rules that enable us to communicate with and understand others

Question 17

Noam Chomsky

Answer 17

A famous linguist who came up with universal grammar

Question 18

Babbling stage

Answer 18

Beginning around four months, the stage of speech development in which an infant spontaneously utters various sounds unrelated to household language

Question 19

One-word stage

Answer 19

The stage in speech development, from age 1-2 where a child speaks mostly in single words

Question 20

Two-word stage

Answer 20

Beginning at age 2, the stage in speech development during which the child speaks mostly in two word statements

Question 21

Telegraphic speech

Answer 21

Early speech stage in which a child speaks like s telegram-“go car”- usually mostly nouns and verbs

Question 22

Linguistic determinism (Benjamin Lee Whorf)

Answer 22

Proposed that language controls the way we think and interpret the world around us

Question 23

Linguistic influence

Answer 23

The idea that language affects our thinking (thus our thinking and world view is relative to our culture language)