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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Unit 9: Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Unit 9: Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Central nervous system includes

A

Brain, spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system includes

A

1) somatic nervous system (SNS)
2) autonomic nervous system (ANS)
3) enteric Nervous System (ENS)

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3
Q

Somatic nervous system (SNS)

A

Afferent neurons; efferent neurons; interneurons, head, body wall, limbs

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4
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

Motor neurons, involuntary, smooth cardic muscle/glands

1) sympathetic division
Flight/fight response - speeds up

2) parasympathetic division
Mellow/relax - slows down

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5
Q

Enteric nervous system (ENS)

A

Brain of the guy; controls digestion from beginning to end

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6
Q

Ganglia

A

Small masses of neuronal cell bodies located outside the brain/spinal cord; closely associated with cranial/spinal nerves

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7
Q

2 types of nerve cells

A

Neurons, neuoglia

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8
Q

Which nerve cell transmits electrical signals

A

Neurons

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9
Q

Neuron: cell body

A

Process signal received

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10
Q

Neuron: dendrites

A

Receive signal

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11
Q

Neuron: axons

A

Transmits signal

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12
Q

Neuron: Axon terminal

A

Carries signal to destination (synapse)

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13
Q

Sensory Afferent neurons

A

Convey APs into the CNS through cranial/spinal nerves

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14
Q

Motor/efferent neurons

A

Convey APs away from the CNSmto effectors (spinal/glands) in the periphery through cranial/spinal nerves

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15
Q

Interneurons

A

Mainly located within the CNS between sensory/motor neurons; make decisions between affecent/effecent

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16
Q

Synapse

A

Site of communication between 2 neurons or between a neuron and another effector

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17
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

In axon terminals, tiny membrane enclosed sacs stores packets of neurotransmitter chemicals

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18
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

In between synapse, action potentials, communicate at the synapse, re establish the AP in the postsynaptic cell

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19
Q

Schwann Cell

A

Neuroglia; produce myelin in PNS

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20
Q

Astrocyte

A

Neuroglia, support neurons in CNS-blood brain barrier

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21
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Neuroglia, form/circulate spinal fluid

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22
Q

Microglia

A

Neuroglia, participate in phagocytosis in brain

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23
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

Produce myelin in CNS

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24
Q

Myelination

A

The process of for,in a myelin sheath which insulates and increases nerve impulse speed, insulated nerves have faster signal

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25
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Autoimmune destruction/degeneration of myelin; slows down nerves

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26
Q

Nerve regeneration

A

Largely dependent on the Schwann cells in the PNS; doesn’t occur at all in the CNS where astrocytes create scar tissue, repairs nerve cells as much as possible

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27
Q

Demyelination

A

The loss/destruction of myelin sheaths around axons

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28
Q

White matters

A

Formed from aggregations of myelinated axons from many neurons; inside brain outside spinal cord

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29
Q

Gray matter

A

Lacks myelin; formed from cell bodies and dendrites, decision making

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30
Q

Action potential (AP)

A

A short lasting event in which the electrical membrane potential of a cell rapidly rises and falls

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31
Q

Ion channel

A

Present in the plasma membrane; allows specific ions to move across plasma membranes

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32
Q

Nerve impulse

A

The electrical wave transmitted along a nerve fibre comes after stimulation; moves higher-lower concentration low-high concentration

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33
Q

Polarized

A

Resting but primed - ready to produce action potential

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34
Q

Depolarization

A

Sodium channels open letting sodium rush in; makes inside positive; potassium leaks out

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35
Q

Polarization

A

Potassium channels open; sodium channels close;’potassium comes in sodium pumps out

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36
Q

What stage has a refractory period

A

Depolarization

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37
Q

Synapse

A

A structure that permits a neuron (nerve cell) to pass an electrical signal or chemical signal to another cell

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38
Q

Neurotransmitter 2

A

Chemicals that allow the transmission of signals from one neuron to the next across synapses

39
Q

Agonist

A

Any chemical that enhances or stimulates the effects at a given receptor

40
Q

Antagonist

A

A chemical that blocks or diminishes the effects at a given receptor

41
Q

Comes medullaris

A

Cone shaped structure at the lower end of the spinal cord

42
Q

Location and length of adult spinal cord

A

Medulla oblong are to foramen magnum to conus medullaris

43
Q

End of spinal cord called

A

Conus medullaris

44
Q

Where does the spinal cord end

A

L1-L2

45
Q

Sensory information travels in which direction

A

To the brain

46
Q

Motor information travels in which direction

A

Away from the brain

47
Q

Meninges

A

1) dura matter (outer)
Encloses entire cord

2) arachnoid matter (middle)
Spinal fluid circulation

3) pita matter (inner)
Supplies blood/nutrients

48
Q

Which space contains cerebral spinal fluid

A

Arachnoid matter

49
Q

Epidural space

A

Runs between the dura matter and superficial ligamentum flavum

50
Q

Subdural space

A

Between dura/arachnoid

51
Q

Filum terminale

A

Extension of the pia matter, extends inferiority and blends with the arachnoid and dura to anchor the spinal cord to the coccyx

52
Q

Cuada equine

A

“Horses tail” roots of the lower spinal nerves that angle down alongside the filum terminale

53
Q

3 steps to nervous tissue

A

1) a sensory function detects internal and external stimuli (detection)
2) interpretation is made (analysis)
3) a motor response occurs (reaction)

54
Q

How do spinal nerves attach to the spinal cord

A

1) roots - two bundles of axons

2) rootlets - s,alter bundles of axons

55
Q

What is the dorsal root ganglion

A

Contains only sensory axons, conducts nerve impulses from sensory receptors; skin, muscles, internal organs to the central nervous systems

56
Q

Location of a lumbar puncture

A

Between L3-L4

57
Q

Epidural

A

Labor pain medication, placed between bones at posterior spine

58
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord membranes

59
Q

White matter

A

Consists of millions of myelinated nerve fibers

60
Q

Gray matter

A

Decision making, de myelinated made up of dendrites and cell bodies

61
Q

Tract

A

A bundle of neuronal axons located at a specific place all traveling to the same place

62
Q

Naming of tracts

A

Spinalthalamic and corticospinal

63
Q

Dermatome

A

An area of skin that is inneruated by a single spinal nerve indicated by the letters and a number of a particular segmental nerve

64
Q

Transection

A

Ascending/descending tracts are partially/completely severed
Base of skull = death, upper cervical = quadriplegic lower =’paralysis

65
Q

Quadriplegia

A

Total body paralysis

66
Q

Paraplegia

A

Partial body paralysis

67
Q

Plexus

A

Formation of the segmental nerves to form a “brain rope”

68
Q

Cervical plexus

A

Anterior branches of c1-c5 head neck diaphragm

Phrenic - arises from cervical to supply diaphragm (c3 c4 c5 keep them alive)

69
Q

Brachial

A

Anterior branches c5-c8 t1 shoulder upper limbs
Auxiliary (armpit)
Radial/ulnar (lower arm)
Median (wrist)

70
Q

Lumbosacral

A

L1-L4 abdominal wall external genitalia, lower limbs
Sciatic - L4-L5 s1-s4 sciatic nerve
Femoral - lumbar plexus

71
Q

Erbs palsy

A

Injury to brachial/peripheral nerves at birth, arm paralysis

72
Q

Funny bone

A

Humerus

73
Q

Carpal tunnel syndrome

A

Median nerve injury, repetitive motion issues

74
Q

Reflex

A

Fast involuntary response to a stimulus

75
Q

Patellar reflex

A

Leg extends in response to stretch of the patellar tendon

76
Q

Achilles reflex

A

Contraction of the calf when force is applied to Achilles’ tendon

77
Q

Babinski reflex

A

Normal curl of the big toe when stimulated (downward)

78
Q

Frontal lobe and executive functions

A

Associated with higher (executive) functions, self control, planning, reasoning, abstract thought

79
Q

Blood supply

A

1) internal carotid arteries - supplies blood to brain (anterior)
2) vertebral arteries - supplies blood to brain (posterior)
3) internal jugular - venous return

80
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

Serves to isolate the parenchyma from many substances in the blood that would normally be able to gain access

81
Q

Ventricles

A

Internal cavities in the brain

82
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

A clear fluid that circulates through the internal cavities of the brain and spinal cord, flows over and around the brain in subarachnoid space

83
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid is made from what cells

A

Ependymal cells

84
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid is made where

A

Choroid plexus - network of capillaries that line ventricles

85
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Occurs when congenital abnormalities, head injury, meningitis, episodes of bleeding in the brain

86
Q

3 parts of the brain stem

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

87
Q

Pyramids, function and location

A

E get all bulges, formed by the largest motor tracts in the body, left pyramid cross over to right, right to left, opposite hemispheres control opposite sides

88
Q

Medulla oblongata functions

A

1) cardiovascular center - controls rate/force of heart beat, diameter of blood vessels
2) respiratory rhythmicity center - controls rate/rhythm of breathing
3) vomiting, coughing, sneezing centers

89
Q

Pons functions

A

Help control breathing

90
Q

Reticular foramen and RAS

A

A netlike arrangement of neuronal cell bodies and small bundles of myelinated axons
RAS - maintains consciousness, prevents sensory overload by filtering out insignificant information

91
Q

Cerebellum

A

Located ?

Function - compares intended movements with what’s happening, regulates posture, equilibrium, and balance

92
Q

Diencephalon

A

Located near the midline of the brain

1) thalamus - relay station for all sensory impulses to cerebral cortex
2) epithalamus - superior/posterior to thalamus, pineal gland (melatonin) habenular nuclei (emotional responses to smell)
3) hypothalamus - controls many homeostasis functions, controls ANS coordinate between NS/endocrine systems, controls body temp, hunger/thirst, internal circadian rhythm

93
Q

What gland is attached to the hypothalamus

A

Pituitary gland

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (10 decks)

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