Final Study Guide Flashcards
What type of cartilage covers the ends of moving bones?
Hyaline cartilage
What vitamin is required for absorption of calcium from the digestive system?
Vitamin D
What is the primary source of vitamin D?
The sun/dairy
Fracture
Crack/break
Compound fracture
Open fracture/through the skin
Green stick fracture
Bends but doesn’t break; common in children
Stress fracture
Cracking only; caused by repetitive use like a runner and their tibia
Impacted fracture
Inside itself; prone to improper healing
Where is the sphenoid bone?
Cranium; behind face
Where is the occipital bone?
Back of head; cranial
Where are the zygomatic bones?
Cheek bones; facial
Where are the maxilla bones?
Jaw; facial
What vertebrae are in the lower back?
Lumber
What are axis and atlas?
Vertebra in the cervical region
What are atlas/axis other names?
C1-C2
What movements do axis and atlas allow
Rotational movement of the head; nodding, head turning
Which bones belong to the axial/appendicular skeleton?
Scapula - appendicular Clavicle - appendicular Os coxae - appendicular Sacrum - axis Coccyx - axis
Axis = spine/head/chest Appendicular = appendages
How many pairs of ribs connect directly to the sternum? What are they called?
7 - true ribs
How many pairs of ribs connect indirectly or not at all to the sternum? What are these ribs called?
5 - false ribs
What type of cartilage is found at the pubic symphysis and between vertebrae?
Fibrocartilage
All 12 pairs of ribs are connect to what bone?
Vertebrae (includes floating ribs)
What bone articulates with the medial end of the clavicle?
Sternum
What bone articulates with the lateral end of the clavicle?
Scapula
What bones articulate with the scapula?
Clavicle/humerus
*** Describe the positional relation between the radius and the ulna. (Proper anatomical position)
Radius is lateral, ulna is medial
What is the only weight bearing bone of the leg?
Tibia
The tibia and the fibula articulate with which bone of the ankle?
Talus
Carpals
Wrist
Metacarpals
Palm of the hand
Metatarsals
Sole of the foot
Tarsals
Ankles
What type of joint is freely moveable
Synovial joint
Cartilaginous joint
Limited movement - vertebrae
Fibrous joint
No movement - skull sutures
Saddle joint
Thumb
Ball & socket joint
Hip/elbow
Condyloid joint
Wrist
Hinge joint
Elbow/knee
Pivot joint
Radius/ulna
What is the only moveable joint in the head?
Temporalmadibular; joint
What is the most complex joint in the human body?
Knee
What is the only names sesamoid bone in the body?
Patella (knee)
Adduction/abduction
Movement in/out to/from the body
Flexion/extension
Decrease/increase of angle
Gliding movement
Side to side; wrist to wrist
Skeletal muscle
Striated, voluntary
Cardiac muscle
Striated, involuntary, heart only
Smooth muscle
Non striated, involuntary, artery walls, gastrointestinal tract, trachea/bronchi, forms the uterus
What layer surrounds a single muscle cell (muscle fiber)?
Endomysium
What layer surrounds a group of muscle fibers?
Perimysium
What layer surrounds an entire muscle?
Epimysium
Connects one muscle to another?
Muscle fascia
The cytoplasm of a muscle cell
Sarcoplasma
The membrane of the muscle cell
Sarcolemma
A single contractile unit
Sarcomere
A fiber of contractile units
Myofibril
The thin muscle filament
Actin
The thick muscle filament
Myosin (does all the work)
What is the source of energy for muscle contractions
ATP
Which protein is responsible for the contraction
Myosin
What neurotransmitter crosses the neurotransmitter junction (synapse)
AcH
What ion is important in the release of the neurotransmitter?
Calcium
What do muscles use as their source of energy
Glucose
What do muscles use as an energy reserve
ATP
What carbohydrate do muscles use to generate energy?
Glycogen
When working hard, muscles are limited for what nutrient?
Oxygen
What waste is produced when muscles are working hard?
Lactic acid
What is the antagonist to the biceps brachii?
Triceps
What is the action of the antagonist?
Relax/yield
The brachialis contracts to aid the biceps brachii on the flexing the arm
It’s antagonistic
Which term describes 2 muscles working together
Synergistic
What connects muscle to bone?
Tendons
What connects bone to bone?
Ligaments
What connects quadriceps muscle to patella
Quad tendon
What connects the patella to the tibia
Patellar tendon
What makes up the central nervous system
Brain, spinal cord
The support cells of nerve tissues are called
Neuralgia
Neurons transport only
What neurons carry information toward the CNS
Afferent (sensory)
Neurons carry information away from the CNS
Efferent
What opens during the depolarization phase of the action potential
Ion channels
What flows into the nerve cell during the depolarization phase?
Sodium ions
What phase follows the depolarization phase?
Repolarization
What happens during repolarization?
Ion channels close, sodium ions pump out, K seeps in
Before being released, neurotransmitters are stored in the
Vesicles in the axon
Arrange meninges from superficial to deep
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
Where r is an epidural injection given? Above/below what layer?
Above meninges below dura
What is the SAS? What is in the SAS?
Subarachnoid space; spinal fluid
Where does the spinal cord end?
L2
Between what vertebrae is a spinal tap performed?
L3-L4
What extends in the vertebral canal past the end of the spinal cord?
Cuada equana
What is a nerve tract?
CNS; nerve impulses that travel the same direction
What are white and gray matter?
White matter - myelinated axons
Gray matter - cell bodies/dendrites
Why is white matter white?
Myelinated axons
What exits/enters the spinal column between the vertebrae?
Nerves
What is a nerve plexus?
Where nerves criss cross/reroute/interchange
Where is the cervical plexus?
C1-C5 (upper neck)
Where is the brachial plexus?
C5-T1 (lower neck)
Where is the Lumbosacral plexus located?
Lower back/hips
What is the phrenic nerve?
Nerve to the diaphragm; cervical plexus
What does the phrenic nerve serve?
Diaphragm; breathing; cervical
What is the ulnar nerve?
Funny bone; medial forearm; Palm/pinky
What does it serve; where does it originate; why is it interesting to discuss?
Medial forearm; Brachial plexus; funny when others hit it
What is the sciatic nerve?
Thigh-toe; left side; biggest nerve
What does it serve? Where does it originate?
Lumbosacral; L4-sacrum
Where is a pinched sciatic nerve pinched?
Lower lumbar L4-L5
What is palsy?
Paralysis
What is Erbs Palsy?
The paralysis of brachial nerve?
What is a reflex arc? Where ar the interneurons located?
Reaction to stimuli; spinal cord
What is produced in the choroid phase of the lateral ventricles?
Cerebral spinal fluid
What is the blood brain barrier? What cells make up the BBB?
Regulates movement of materials in the blood in/out of the brain; astrocytes form BBB
The medulla, the pons, and the midbrain form what?
The brain stem
Where do the nerve tracts from the right and left sides of the body cross before going to the cerebrum?
Pyramids of the brain stem
Cardiovascular center
Brain stem - medulla
Posture equilibrium and balance
Cerebellum
Consciousness
RAS
Respiratory center
Medulla oblongata
Circadian rhythm, hunger thirst and body temp
Hypothalamus
Relays sensory input to cerebral cortex
Thalamus
Emotions
Limbic system
What part of the brain processes sensory input and controls conscious movement?
Cerebrum
What is the limbic system? What parts of the brain form the limbic system?
hypothalamus, the amygdala, and the hippocampus; Controls emotions;
What is the corpus callosum?
Left/right hemisphere
What neurotransmitter is used by the cerebrum when controlling movement?
Dopamine
Lack of dopamine leads to what disease?
Parkinson’s
Which cranial nerve controls tongue movement?
12
Which cranial nerve controls The parasympathetic nervous system?
10 - vagus nerve
Which cranial nerve controls the sense of smell?
1 - olfactory
Which cranial nerve controls the sense of vision?
2 - optic
Which cranial nerve controls the sense of hearing?
8 - vestibucochlear
Which cranial nerve controls the movement of the eye muscles?
3 - ocularmotor
What are 3 parts of the parts of the peripheral nervous system and what does each part control/regulate?
Somatic - skeletal
Autonomic - organs
Enteric - gut
What is a ganglia
Mass of nerves; resides in cell bodies, synapses, and cell junctions
What are the 2 main neurotransmitters of the sympathetic ANS
AcH; norepinephrine
What is the main neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic ANS?
AcH
What are the neurotransmitter receptors called?
Cholinergic, adrenergic
What does the sympathetic ANS regulate?
Flight/fight response
Secretion of norepinephrine by adrenal glands
An increase in the rate and strength of heartbeat
Constriction of blood vessels of non essential organs
Dilution of vessels in essential organs
Increase in rate and depth of breathing
Conversion of glycogen to glucose
Decrease in GI activity
What does parasympathetic ANS down regulate?
S - salivation (increased L - lacrination (increased) U - urination (increased) D - digestion (increased) D - dedication (increased) 3 decreases - heart rate, breathing, pupil size
Somatic senses
Proprioception, temp, some pain, tactile senses
Visceral senses
Organ stretch, some pain, blood pressure
Interceptors
Internal environment
Proprioceptors
Muscles, tendons, joints; determine space
Exteroceptors
External environment
What are nocioceptors? What do they detect?
Respond to pain
What is referred pain?
Visceral pain; felt somewhere else other than actual site of issue
Where do you feel pain for lungs and diaphragm?
Left shoulder
Where do you feel pain for the heart?
Left chest/medial left arm
Where do you feel pain for liver and gall bladder
Right shoulder/neck/back
Where do you feel pain for urinary bladder?
Thighs/belly button/back
