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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Final Study Guide > Flashcards

Final Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

What type of cartilage covers the ends of moving bones?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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2
Q

What vitamin is required for absorption of calcium from the digestive system?

A

Vitamin D

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3
Q

What is the primary source of vitamin D?

A

The sun/dairy

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4
Q

Fracture

A

Crack/break

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5
Q

Compound fracture

A

Open fracture/through the skin

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6
Q

Green stick fracture

A

Bends but doesn’t break; common in children

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7
Q

Stress fracture

A

Cracking only; caused by repetitive use like a runner and their tibia

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8
Q

Impacted fracture

A

Inside itself; prone to improper healing

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9
Q

Where is the sphenoid bone?

A

Cranium; behind face

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10
Q

Where is the occipital bone?

A

Back of head; cranial

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11
Q

Where are the zygomatic bones?

A

Cheek bones; facial

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12
Q

Where are the maxilla bones?

A

Jaw; facial

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13
Q

What vertebrae are in the lower back?

A

Lumber

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14
Q

What are axis and atlas?

A

Vertebra in the cervical region

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15
Q

What are atlas/axis other names?

A

C1-C2

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16
Q

What movements do axis and atlas allow

A

Rotational movement of the head; nodding, head turning

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17
Q

Which bones belong to the axial/appendicular skeleton?

A 
Scapula - appendicular 
Clavicle - appendicular
Os coxae - appendicular
Sacrum - axis
Coccyx - axis
Axis = spine/head/chest
Appendicular = appendages
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18
Q

How many pairs of ribs connect directly to the sternum? What are they called?

A

7 - true ribs

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19
Q

How many pairs of ribs connect indirectly or not at all to the sternum? What are these ribs called?

A

5 - false ribs

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20
Q

What type of cartilage is found at the pubic symphysis and between vertebrae?

A

Fibrocartilage

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21
Q

All 12 pairs of ribs are connect to what bone?

A

Vertebrae (includes floating ribs)

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22
Q

What bone articulates with the medial end of the clavicle?

A

Sternum

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23
Q

What bone articulates with the lateral end of the clavicle?

A

Scapula

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24
Q

What bones articulate with the scapula?

A

Clavicle/humerus

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25
Q

*** Describe the positional relation between the radius and the ulna. (Proper anatomical position)

A

Radius is lateral, ulna is medial

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26
Q

What is the only weight bearing bone of the leg?

A

Tibia

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27
Q

The tibia and the fibula articulate with which bone of the ankle?

A

Talus

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28
Q

Carpals

A

Wrist

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29
Q

Metacarpals

A

Palm of the hand

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30
Q

Metatarsals

A

Sole of the foot

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31
Q

Tarsals

A

Ankles

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32
Q

What type of joint is freely moveable

A

Synovial joint

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33
Q

Cartilaginous joint

A

Limited movement - vertebrae

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34
Q

Fibrous joint

A

No movement - skull sutures

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35
Q

Saddle joint

A

Thumb

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36
Q

Ball & socket joint

A

Hip/elbow

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37
Q

Condyloid joint

A

Wrist

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38
Q

Hinge joint

A

Elbow/knee

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39
Q

Pivot joint

A

Radius/ulna

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40
Q

What is the only moveable joint in the head?

A

Temporalmadibular; joint

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41
Q

What is the most complex joint in the human body?

A

Knee

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42
Q

What is the only names sesamoid bone in the body?

A

Patella (knee)

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43
Q

Adduction/abduction

A

Movement in/out to/from the body

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44
Q

Flexion/extension

A

Decrease/increase of angle

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45
Q

Gliding movement

A

Side to side; wrist to wrist

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46
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Striated, voluntary

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47
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Striated, involuntary, heart only

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48
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Non striated, involuntary, artery walls, gastrointestinal tract, trachea/bronchi, forms the uterus

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49
Q

What layer surrounds a single muscle cell (muscle fiber)?

A

Endomysium

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50
Q

What layer surrounds a group of muscle fibers?

A

Perimysium

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51
Q

What layer surrounds an entire muscle?

A

Epimysium

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52
Q

Connects one muscle to another?

A

Muscle fascia

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53
Q

The cytoplasm of a muscle cell

A

Sarcoplasma

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54
Q

The membrane of the muscle cell

A

Sarcolemma

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55
Q

A single contractile unit

A

Sarcomere

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56
Q

A fiber of contractile units

A

Myofibril

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57
Q

The thin muscle filament

A

Actin

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58
Q

The thick muscle filament

A

Myosin (does all the work)

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59
Q

What is the source of energy for muscle contractions

A

ATP

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60
Q

Which protein is responsible for the contraction

A

Myosin

61
Q

What neurotransmitter crosses the neurotransmitter junction (synapse)

A

AcH

62
Q

What ion is important in the release of the neurotransmitter?

A

Calcium

63
Q

What do muscles use as their source of energy

A

Glucose

64
Q

What do muscles use as an energy reserve

A

ATP

65
Q

What carbohydrate do muscles use to generate energy?

A

Glycogen

66
Q

When working hard, muscles are limited for what nutrient?

A

Oxygen

67
Q

What waste is produced when muscles are working hard?

A

Lactic acid

68
Q

What is the antagonist to the biceps brachii?

A

Triceps

69
Q

What is the action of the antagonist?

A

Relax/yield

70
Q

The brachialis contracts to aid the biceps brachii on the flexing the arm

A

It’s antagonistic

71
Q

Which term describes 2 muscles working together

A

Synergistic

72
Q

What connects muscle to bone?

A

Tendons

73
Q

What connects bone to bone?

A

Ligaments

74
Q

What connects quadriceps muscle to patella

A

Quad tendon

75
Q

What connects the patella to the tibia

A

Patellar tendon

76
Q

What makes up the central nervous system

A

Brain, spinal cord

77
Q

The support cells of nerve tissues are called

A

Neuralgia

Neurons transport only

78
Q

What neurons carry information toward the CNS

A

Afferent (sensory)

79
Q

Neurons carry information away from the CNS

A

Efferent

80
Q

What opens during the depolarization phase of the action potential

A

Ion channels

81
Q

What flows into the nerve cell during the depolarization phase?

A

Sodium ions

82
Q

What phase follows the depolarization phase?

A

Repolarization

83
Q

What happens during repolarization?

A

Ion channels close, sodium ions pump out, K seeps in

84
Q

Before being released, neurotransmitters are stored in the

A

Vesicles in the axon

85
Q

Arrange meninges from superficial to deep

A

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

86
Q

Where r is an epidural injection given? Above/below what layer?

A

Above meninges below dura

87
Q

What is the SAS? What is in the SAS?

A

Subarachnoid space; spinal fluid

88
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

L2

89
Q

Between what vertebrae is a spinal tap performed?

A

L3-L4

90
Q

What extends in the vertebral canal past the end of the spinal cord?

A

Cuada equana

91
Q

What is a nerve tract?

A

CNS; nerve impulses that travel the same direction

92
Q

What are white and gray matter?

A

White matter - myelinated axons

Gray matter - cell bodies/dendrites

93
Q

Why is white matter white?

A

Myelinated axons

94
Q

What exits/enters the spinal column between the vertebrae?

A

Nerves

95
Q

What is a nerve plexus?

A

Where nerves criss cross/reroute/interchange

96
Q

Where is the cervical plexus?

A

C1-C5 (upper neck)

97
Q

Where is the brachial plexus?

A

C5-T1 (lower neck)

98
Q

Where is the Lumbosacral plexus located?

A

Lower back/hips

99
Q

What is the phrenic nerve?

A

Nerve to the diaphragm; cervical plexus

100
Q

What does the phrenic nerve serve?

A

Diaphragm; breathing; cervical

101
Q

What is the ulnar nerve?

A

Funny bone; medial forearm; Palm/pinky

102
Q

What does it serve; where does it originate; why is it interesting to discuss?

A

Medial forearm; Brachial plexus; funny when others hit it

103
Q

What is the sciatic nerve?

A

Thigh-toe; left side; biggest nerve

104
Q

What does it serve? Where does it originate?

A

Lumbosacral; L4-sacrum

105
Q

Where is a pinched sciatic nerve pinched?

A

Lower lumbar L4-L5

106
Q

What is palsy?

A

Paralysis

107
Q

What is Erbs Palsy?

A

The paralysis of brachial nerve?

108
Q

What is a reflex arc? Where ar the interneurons located?

A

Reaction to stimuli; spinal cord

109
Q

What is produced in the choroid phase of the lateral ventricles?

A

Cerebral spinal fluid

110
Q

What is the blood brain barrier? What cells make up the BBB?

A

Regulates movement of materials in the blood in/out of the brain; astrocytes form BBB

111
Q

The medulla, the pons, and the midbrain form what?

A

The brain stem

112
Q

Where do the nerve tracts from the right and left sides of the body cross before going to the cerebrum?

A

Pyramids of the brain stem

113
Q

Cardiovascular center

A

Brain stem - medulla

114
Q

Posture equilibrium and balance

A

Cerebellum

115
Q

Consciousness

A

RAS

116
Q

Respiratory center

A

Medulla oblongata

117
Q

Circadian rhythm, hunger thirst and body temp

A

Hypothalamus

118
Q

Relays sensory input to cerebral cortex

A

Thalamus

119
Q

Emotions

A

Limbic system

120
Q

What part of the brain processes sensory input and controls conscious movement?

A

Cerebrum

121
Q

What is the limbic system? What parts of the brain form the limbic system?

A

hypothalamus, the amygdala, and the hippocampus; Controls emotions;

122
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

Left/right hemisphere

123
Q

What neurotransmitter is used by the cerebrum when controlling movement?

A

Dopamine

124
Q

Lack of dopamine leads to what disease?

A

Parkinson’s

125
Q

Which cranial nerve controls tongue movement?

A

12

126
Q

Which cranial nerve controls The parasympathetic nervous system?

A

10 - vagus nerve

127
Q

Which cranial nerve controls the sense of smell?

A

1 - olfactory

128
Q

Which cranial nerve controls the sense of vision?

A

2 - optic

129
Q

Which cranial nerve controls the sense of hearing?

A

8 - vestibucochlear

130
Q

Which cranial nerve controls the movement of the eye muscles?

A

3 - ocularmotor

131
Q

What are 3 parts of the parts of the peripheral nervous system and what does each part control/regulate?

A

Somatic - skeletal
Autonomic - organs
Enteric - gut

132
Q

What is a ganglia

A

Mass of nerves; resides in cell bodies, synapses, and cell junctions

133
Q

What are the 2 main neurotransmitters of the sympathetic ANS

A

AcH; norepinephrine

134
Q

What is the main neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic ANS?

A

AcH

135
Q

What are the neurotransmitter receptors called?

A

Cholinergic, adrenergic

136
Q

What does the sympathetic ANS regulate?

A

Flight/fight response

Secretion of norepinephrine by adrenal glands
An increase in the rate and strength of heartbeat
Constriction of blood vessels of non essential organs
Dilution of vessels in essential organs
Increase in rate and depth of breathing
Conversion of glycogen to glucose
Decrease in GI activity

137
Q

What does parasympathetic ANS down regulate?

A 
S - salivation (increased 
L - lacrination (increased)
U - urination (increased)
D - digestion (increased)
D - dedication (increased)
3 decreases - heart rate, breathing, pupil size
138
Q

Somatic senses

A

Proprioception, temp, some pain, tactile senses

139
Q

Visceral senses

A

Organ stretch, some pain, blood pressure

140
Q

Interceptors

A

Internal environment

141
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Muscles, tendons, joints; determine space

142
Q

Exteroceptors

A

External environment

143
Q

What are nocioceptors? What do they detect?

A

Respond to pain

144
Q

What is referred pain?

A

Visceral pain; felt somewhere else other than actual site of issue

145
Q

Where do you feel pain for lungs and diaphragm?

A

Left shoulder

146
Q

Where do you feel pain for the heart?

A

Left chest/medial left arm

147
Q

Where do you feel pain for liver and gall bladder

A

Right shoulder/neck/back

148
Q

Where do you feel pain for urinary bladder?

A

Thighs/belly button/back

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (10 decks)

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