Final Study Guide Flashcards
1
Q
What type of cartilage covers the ends of moving bones?
A
Hyaline cartilage
2
Q
What vitamin is required for absorption of calcium from the digestive system?
A
Vitamin D
3
Q
What is the primary source of vitamin D?
A
The sun/dairy
4
Q
Fracture
A
Crack/break
5
Q
Compound fracture
A
Open fracture/through the skin
6
Q
Green stick fracture
A
Bends but doesn’t break; common in children
7
Q
Stress fracture
A
Cracking only; caused by repetitive use like a runner and their tibia
8
Q
Impacted fracture
A
Inside itself; prone to improper healing
9
Q
Where is the sphenoid bone?
A
Cranium; behind face
10
Q
Where is the occipital bone?
A
Back of head; cranial
11
Q
Where are the zygomatic bones?
A
Cheek bones; facial
12
Q
Where are the maxilla bones?
A
Jaw; facial
13
Q
What vertebrae are in the lower back?
A
Lumber
14
Q
What are axis and atlas?
A
Vertebra in the cervical region
15
Q
What are atlas/axis other names?
A
C1-C2
16
Q
What movements do axis and atlas allow
A
Rotational movement of the head; nodding, head turning
17
Q
Which bones belong to the axial/appendicular skeleton?
A
Scapula - appendicular Clavicle - appendicular Os coxae - appendicular Sacrum - axis Coccyx - axis
Axis = spine/head/chest Appendicular = appendages
18
Q
How many pairs of ribs connect directly to the sternum? What are they called?
A
7 - true ribs
19
Q
How many pairs of ribs connect indirectly or not at all to the sternum? What are these ribs called?
A
5 - false ribs
20
Q
What type of cartilage is found at the pubic symphysis and between vertebrae?
A
Fibrocartilage
21
Q
All 12 pairs of ribs are connect to what bone?
A
Vertebrae (includes floating ribs)
22
Q
What bone articulates with the medial end of the clavicle?
A
Sternum
23
Q
What bone articulates with the lateral end of the clavicle?
A
Scapula
24
Q
What bones articulate with the scapula?
A
Clavicle/humerus
25
*** Describe the positional relation between the radius and the ulna. (Proper anatomical position)
Radius is lateral, ulna is medial
26
What is the only weight bearing bone of the leg?
Tibia
27
The tibia and the fibula articulate with which bone of the ankle?
Talus
28
Carpals
Wrist
29
Metacarpals
Palm of the hand
30
Metatarsals
Sole of the foot
31
Tarsals
Ankles
32
What type of joint is freely moveable
Synovial joint
33
Cartilaginous joint
Limited movement - vertebrae
34
Fibrous joint
No movement - skull sutures
35
Saddle joint
Thumb
36
Ball & socket joint
Hip/elbow
37
Condyloid joint
Wrist
38
Hinge joint
Elbow/knee
39
Pivot joint
Radius/ulna
40
What is the only moveable joint in the head?
Temporalmadibular; joint
41
What is the most complex joint in the human body?
Knee
42
What is the only names sesamoid bone in the body?
Patella (knee)
43
Adduction/abduction
Movement in/out to/from the body
44
Flexion/extension
Decrease/increase of angle
45
Gliding movement
Side to side; wrist to wrist
46
Skeletal muscle
Striated, voluntary
47
Cardiac muscle
Striated, involuntary, heart only
48
Smooth muscle
Non striated, involuntary, artery walls, gastrointestinal tract, trachea/bronchi, forms the uterus
49
What layer surrounds a single muscle cell (muscle fiber)?
Endomysium
50
What layer surrounds a group of muscle fibers?
Perimysium
51
What layer surrounds an entire muscle?
Epimysium
52
Connects one muscle to another?
Muscle fascia
53
The cytoplasm of a muscle cell
Sarcoplasma
54
The membrane of the muscle cell
Sarcolemma
55
A single contractile unit
Sarcomere
56
A fiber of contractile units
Myofibril
57
The thin muscle filament
Actin
58
The thick muscle filament
Myosin (does all the work)
59
What is the source of energy for muscle contractions
ATP
60
Which protein is responsible for the contraction
Myosin
61
What neurotransmitter crosses the neurotransmitter junction (synapse)
AcH
62
What ion is important in the release of the neurotransmitter?
Calcium
63
What do muscles use as their source of energy
Glucose
64
What do muscles use as an energy reserve
ATP
65
What carbohydrate do muscles use to generate energy?
Glycogen
66
When working hard, muscles are limited for what nutrient?
Oxygen
67
What waste is produced when muscles are working hard?
Lactic acid
68
What is the antagonist to the biceps brachii?
Triceps
69
What is the action of the antagonist?
Relax/yield
70
The brachialis contracts to aid the biceps brachii on the flexing the arm
It's antagonistic
71
Which term describes 2 muscles working together
Synergistic
72
What connects muscle to bone?
Tendons
73
What connects bone to bone?
Ligaments
74
What connects quadriceps muscle to patella
Quad tendon
75
What connects the patella to the tibia
Patellar tendon
76
What makes up the central nervous system
Brain, spinal cord
77
The support cells of nerve tissues are called
Neuralgia
Neurons transport only
78
What neurons carry information toward the CNS
Afferent (sensory)
79
Neurons carry information away from the CNS
Efferent
80
What opens during the depolarization phase of the action potential
Ion channels
81
What flows into the nerve cell during the depolarization phase?
Sodium ions
82
What phase follows the depolarization phase?
Repolarization
83
What happens during repolarization?
Ion channels close, sodium ions pump out, K seeps in
84
Before being released, neurotransmitters are stored in the
Vesicles in the axon
85
Arrange meninges from superficial to deep
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
86
Where r is an epidural injection given? Above/below what layer?
Above meninges below dura
87
What is the SAS? What is in the SAS?
Subarachnoid space; spinal fluid
88
Where does the spinal cord end?
L2
89
Between what vertebrae is a spinal tap performed?
L3-L4
90
What extends in the vertebral canal past the end of the spinal cord?
Cuada equana
91
What is a nerve tract?
CNS; nerve impulses that travel the same direction
92
What are white and gray matter?
White matter - myelinated axons
| Gray matter - cell bodies/dendrites
93
Why is white matter white?
Myelinated axons
94
What exits/enters the spinal column between the vertebrae?
Nerves
95
What is a nerve plexus?
Where nerves criss cross/reroute/interchange
96
Where is the cervical plexus?
C1-C5 (upper neck)
97
Where is the brachial plexus?
C5-T1 (lower neck)
98
Where is the Lumbosacral plexus located?
Lower back/hips
99
What is the phrenic nerve?
Nerve to the diaphragm; cervical plexus
100
What does the phrenic nerve serve?
Diaphragm; breathing; cervical
101
What is the ulnar nerve?
Funny bone; medial forearm; Palm/pinky
102
What does it serve; where does it originate; why is it interesting to discuss?
Medial forearm; Brachial plexus; funny when others hit it
103
What is the sciatic nerve?
Thigh-toe; left side; biggest nerve
104
What does it serve? Where does it originate?
Lumbosacral; L4-sacrum
105
Where is a pinched sciatic nerve pinched?
Lower lumbar L4-L5
106
What is palsy?
Paralysis
107
What is Erbs Palsy?
The paralysis of brachial nerve?
108
What is a reflex arc? Where ar the interneurons located?
Reaction to stimuli; spinal cord
109
What is produced in the choroid phase of the lateral ventricles?
Cerebral spinal fluid
110
What is the blood brain barrier? What cells make up the BBB?
Regulates movement of materials in the blood in/out of the brain; astrocytes form BBB
111
The medulla, the pons, and the midbrain form what?
The brain stem
112
Where do the nerve tracts from the right and left sides of the body cross before going to the cerebrum?
Pyramids of the brain stem
113
Cardiovascular center
Brain stem - medulla
114
Posture equilibrium and balance
Cerebellum
115
Consciousness
RAS
116
Respiratory center
Medulla oblongata
117
Circadian rhythm, hunger thirst and body temp
Hypothalamus
118
Relays sensory input to cerebral cortex
Thalamus
119
Emotions
Limbic system
120
What part of the brain processes sensory input and controls conscious movement?
Cerebrum
121
What is the limbic system? What parts of the brain form the limbic system?
hypothalamus, the amygdala, and the hippocampus; Controls emotions;
122
What is the corpus callosum?
Left/right hemisphere
123
What neurotransmitter is used by the cerebrum when controlling movement?
Dopamine
124
Lack of dopamine leads to what disease?
Parkinson's
125
Which cranial nerve controls tongue movement?
12
126
Which cranial nerve controls The parasympathetic nervous system?
10 - vagus nerve
127
Which cranial nerve controls the sense of smell?
1 - olfactory
128
Which cranial nerve controls the sense of vision?
2 - optic
129
Which cranial nerve controls the sense of hearing?
8 - vestibucochlear
130
Which cranial nerve controls the movement of the eye muscles?
3 - ocularmotor
131
What are 3 parts of the parts of the peripheral nervous system and what does each part control/regulate?
Somatic - skeletal
Autonomic - organs
Enteric - gut
132
What is a ganglia
Mass of nerves; resides in cell bodies, synapses, and cell junctions
133
What are the 2 main neurotransmitters of the sympathetic ANS
AcH; norepinephrine
134
What is the main neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic ANS?
AcH
135
What are the neurotransmitter receptors called?
Cholinergic, adrenergic
136
What does the sympathetic ANS regulate?
Flight/fight response
Secretion of norepinephrine by adrenal glands
An increase in the rate and strength of heartbeat
Constriction of blood vessels of non essential organs
Dilution of vessels in essential organs
Increase in rate and depth of breathing
Conversion of glycogen to glucose
Decrease in GI activity
137
What does parasympathetic ANS down regulate?
```
S - salivation (increased
L - lacrination (increased)
U - urination (increased)
D - digestion (increased)
D - dedication (increased)
3 decreases - heart rate, breathing, pupil size
```
138
Somatic senses
Proprioception, temp, some pain, tactile senses
139
Visceral senses
Organ stretch, some pain, blood pressure
140
Interceptors
Internal environment
141
Proprioceptors
Muscles, tendons, joints; determine space
142
Exteroceptors
External environment
143
What are nocioceptors? What do they detect?
Respond to pain
144
What is referred pain?
Visceral pain; felt somewhere else other than actual site of issue
145
Where do you feel pain for lungs and diaphragm?
Left shoulder
146
Where do you feel pain for the heart?
Left chest/medial left arm
147
Where do you feel pain for liver and gall bladder
Right shoulder/neck/back
148
Where do you feel pain for urinary bladder?
Thighs/belly button/back
