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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Unit 8: Muscular Tissue & Muscular System > Flashcards

Unit 8: Muscular Tissue & Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions part 2

A

Create motion, stabilize body positions and maintain posture, store substances using sphincters, move substances by peristaltic contractions, generate heat through thermogenesis

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2
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Found on skeleton; generate movement, heat, and maintain posture; striated, multinucleated, fibers parallel; voluntary movement

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3
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Found in the heart only; pumps blood continuously; striated, branches, one central nucleus; involuntary movement

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4
Q

Visceral (smooth) muscle

A

Found in the GI tract, uterus, eye, blood vessels; peristalsis, blood pressure, pupil size, erects hair; no striations once central nucleus; involuntary

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5
Q

Connective tissue layers

A

Epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, muscle fascia

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6
Q

Epimysium

A

Covers entire muscle

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7
Q

Perimysium

A

Covers uncle of muscle fibers (cells)

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8
Q

Endomysium

A

Covers a single muscle fiber (cell)

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9
Q

Muscle fascia

A

Connects 2 muscles end to end

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10
Q

Tendons

A

Bands of fibrous connective tissue joining muscles to bones

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11
Q

Fascia

A

A sheet/band of fibrous connective tissue enveloping, separating, or binding together of muscle

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12
Q

Fascile

A

A small bundle of muscle

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13
Q

Aponeurosis

A

A thick fascia that connects to muscle bellies

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14
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Plasma membrane (muscle tissue)

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15
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

Cytoplasm (muscle cell)

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16
Q

Myofibril

A

Thin/thick filaments arranged in a specific order

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17
Q

Sacromere

A

Contractile unit of muscle - basic functional unit

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18
Q

Actin

A

Thin filaments

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19
Q

Myosin

A

Thick filaments p; pulls against thin filament; does the work

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20
Q

Fibromyalgia

A

Chronic painful nonarticular rheumatic disorder that affects the fibrous CT components of muscles, tendons, ligaments; autoimmune disorder

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21
Q

Muscular hypertrophy

A

Enlargement of muscle fibers from forceful repetitive muscular activity such as strength training (working out muscles don’t replace themselves)

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22
Q

Muscular hyperplasia

A

Increase in number of muscle fibers (cancer)

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23
Q

Muscular atrophy

A

Wasting away of muscles due to disease, disuse, or denovation

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24
Q

Muscular fibrosis

A

Replacement of muscle fibers by fibrous scar tissue (excessive use/disuse)

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25
Q

Sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction

A

1) ATP hydrolysis
2) attachment
3) power stroke
4) detachment

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26
Q

Role of calcium

A

Muscle contraction

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27
Q

Role of ATP

A

Energy supply

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28
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Excitation contraction coupling (EC Coupling) involved events at the junction between a motor neuron and skeletal muscle fiber.
The thought process going on in the brain; the AP arriving at the neurotransmitter junction; the regeneration of an AP on the muscle membrane; release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum; sliding of the thick/thin filmaments; muscle movements

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29
Q

What ions trigger the release of the neurotransmitter

A

Calcium

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30
Q

What is the biggest neurotransmitter

A

Ocetylcholine (acCh)

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31
Q

Role of acetylcholinesterase

A

Breaks down acCh after a period of time

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32
Q

Sources of muscle energy

A

1) stored ATP
2) creatine phosphate (energy transfer)
3) aerobic ATP production
4) anaerobic glucose

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33
Q

Lactic acid

A

Causes muscle fatigue “burning”

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34
Q

EPOC excess post exercise oxygen consumption

A

The amount of oxygen repayment required after exercise to:
Replenish ATP stores
Replenish creatine phosphate/myoglobin stores
Convert lactic acid back into pryuvate to be used again in Krebs cycle (ATP)

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35
Q

High precision motor unit

A

Fewer muscle fibers/neurons; laryngeal/extra ocular muscles; 1 nerve few cells; gentle movements; eye muscles (1-4 nerves per cell)

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36
Q

Low precision motor unit

A

Many muscle fibers/neuron; thigh muscles (2,000-3,000); crude movements 1 nerve = 1,000s of cells; quad muscles

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37
Q

Red muscle

A

(Dark meat) have a high myoglobin count; ,ore mito hundred; more energy stores; greater blood supply

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38
Q

White muscle

A

(White meat) have less myoglobin, mitochondria and blood supply

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39
Q

Twitch

A

Recorded when a stimulus that results in a contraction of a single muscle fiber is measured over a very bread millisecond time frame

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40
Q

Tetanus

A

Result in fusion of contractions

41
Q

Muscle tone

A

Small amount- weakness/involuntary contractions of motor units; established by neurons in the brain/spinal cord; excite motor neurons

42
Q

Hypotonia

A

Low muscle tone; flaccid paralysis; atrophy

43
Q

Hypertonia

A

Increase in muscle tone; spastic stiffness rigid; stiffness without reflexes affected

44
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

Results in movement

45
Q

Eccentric contraction

A

Contraction in which muscle t sit on and resistance (muscle lengthens)

46
Q

Concentric contraction

A

Contraction in which muscle shortens while generating force

47
Q

Isometric contraction

A

Result in no movement
Muscle force = resistance
Supporting objects in a fixed position/posture

48
Q

Muscle spasm

A

Sudden involuntary contraction of a single muscle within a large group of muscles

49
Q

Muscle cramp

A

Involuntary painful sustained muscle contractions

50
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

Autoimmune disease; causes chronic progressive damage of NMJ; muscles become fatigued easily, neck face affected first

51
Q

Muscular dystroph

A

Groups of inherited muscle destroying diseases that cause progressive degeneration of muscle fibers (duchennes, boys affected)

52
Q

Origin

A

Where tendons attach to stationary usually proximal done (where it’s not moving)

53
Q

Insertion

A

The point or mode of attachment of muscle to bone

54
Q

Prime mover/agonist

A

Leader muscle; responsible for causing desired movement

55
Q

Antagonist

A

Stretches yields relaxes to the effects of the prime movement

56
Q

Synergist

A

Muscles used to prevent unwanted movements at intermediate joints; muscles that work together for an action

57
Q

Occipitofrontalis

A

Back of school to front; raises eye brows, wrinkles forehead, draws scalp back and forward

58
Q

Orbicularis oculi

A

Lower eyelids

59
Q

Orbicularis oris

A

Mouth muscles (kissing)

60
Q

Buccinator

A

Cheeks (whistling)

61
Q

Zygomaticus major

A

Upper/lower checks (smiling)

62
Q

Levator palpebrae superioris

A

Upper eyelids

63
Q

Platysma

A

Mouth/neck (widens mouth)

64
Q

Temporalis

A

Temple-jaw (closes mouth)

65
Q

Masseter

A

Mouth (closes mouth)

66
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

Neck (nodding/turning head flexing head)

67
Q

Scalenes

A

Neck nodding flexing head

68
Q

Extracular muscles

A

Eyes (moves eyes)

69
Q

Intercostals

A

Thoracic cage (inhale/exhale)

70
Q

Diaphragm

A

Thoracic cage (chest, breathing)

71
Q 
Abdominal muscles 
Refute abdominis
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transverse abdominis
A

Abdomen flexes/compresses abdomen

72
Q

Prectoralis major

A

Chest, pulls arm down

73
Q

Trapezius

A

Back/shoulder blade/spine, helps strengthen spine

74
Q 
Rotator cuff:
Supraspinatus 
Infraspinatus 
Teres minor
Subscapularis
A

Shoulder, shoulder movement

75
Q

Latissimus dorsi

A

Sides of arm, pulls arm inward/extends shoulder

76
Q

Deltoid

A

Upper shoulder, raises arm at shoulder

77
Q

Biceps brachii

A

Arm/forearm, flexes forearm at elbow arm at shoulder

78
Q

Brachiodradialis

A

Arm/forearm flexes arm at elbow rotates forearm

79
Q

Brachialis

A

Forearm flexes arm at elbow joint

80
Q

Triceps brachii

A

Arm forearm, extends forearm at elbow joint arm and shoulder joint

81
Q

Flexor/extensor carpi

A

Wrist

82
Q

Flexor/extensor digitorum

A

Forearm, fingers

83
Q

Flexor/extensor pollicis

A

Thumb movement

84
Q

Abductor/adductor pollicis

A

Thumb joint

85
Q

Thenar/hypothenar

A

Cupping hand motion

86
Q

Gluteal group

A

Buttox, thigh and hip

87
Q

Iliopsoas

A

Hip, flexes

88
Q

Tensor fasciae latae

A

Hip, a ducts thigh at hip joint

89
Q

Adductor group

A

Thigh/hip pulls leg in

90
Q

Hamstring group

A

Leg/thigh, flexes leg and knee

91
Q

Quadriceps group

A

Thigh/knee extends knee

92
Q

Sartorius

A

Thigh, rotates thigh

93
Q

Tibialis anterior

A

Front of leg, brings up foot

94
Q

Flexor/extensor hallucis

A

Foot, extends big toe

95
Q

Flexor/extensor digitorum

A

Toes, flexes toes

96
Q

Gastrocnemius/soleus

A

Ankle, flexes foot, Achilles’ tendon

97
Q

Hallux

A

Big toe

98
Q

Functions of muscular tissue

A

Muscles are excitable or irritable; they have the ability to respond to a stimulus; contract able (shorten in length), extensible (extend or stretch), elastic (return to their original shape)

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (10 decks)

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