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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Unit 8: Muscular Tissue & Muscular System > Flashcards

Unit 8: Muscular Tissue & Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions part 2

A

Create motion, stabilize body positions and maintain posture, store substances using sphincters, move substances by peristaltic contractions, generate heat through thermogenesis

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2
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Found on skeleton; generate movement, heat, and maintain posture; striated, multinucleated, fibers parallel; voluntary movement

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3
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Found in the heart only; pumps blood continuously; striated, branches, one central nucleus; involuntary movement

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4
Q

Visceral (smooth) muscle

A

Found in the GI tract, uterus, eye, blood vessels; peristalsis, blood pressure, pupil size, erects hair; no striations once central nucleus; involuntary

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5
Q

Connective tissue layers

A

Epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, muscle fascia

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6
Q

Epimysium

A

Covers entire muscle

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7
Q

Perimysium

A

Covers uncle of muscle fibers (cells)

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8
Q

Endomysium

A

Covers a single muscle fiber (cell)

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9
Q

Muscle fascia

A

Connects 2 muscles end to end

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10
Q

Tendons

A

Bands of fibrous connective tissue joining muscles to bones

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11
Q

Fascia

A

A sheet/band of fibrous connective tissue enveloping, separating, or binding together of muscle

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12
Q

Fascile

A

A small bundle of muscle

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13
Q

Aponeurosis

A

A thick fascia that connects to muscle bellies

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14
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Plasma membrane (muscle tissue)

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15
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

Cytoplasm (muscle cell)

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16
Q

Myofibril

A

Thin/thick filaments arranged in a specific order

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17
Q

Sacromere

A

Contractile unit of muscle - basic functional unit

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18
Q

Actin

A

Thin filaments

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19
Q

Myosin

A

Thick filaments p; pulls against thin filament; does the work

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20
Q

Fibromyalgia

A

Chronic painful nonarticular rheumatic disorder that affects the fibrous CT components of muscles, tendons, ligaments; autoimmune disorder

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21
Q

Muscular hypertrophy

A

Enlargement of muscle fibers from forceful repetitive muscular activity such as strength training (working out muscles don’t replace themselves)

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22
Q

Muscular hyperplasia

A

Increase in number of muscle fibers (cancer)

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23
Q

Muscular atrophy

A

Wasting away of muscles due to disease, disuse, or denovation

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24
Q

Muscular fibrosis

A

Replacement of muscle fibers by fibrous scar tissue (excessive use/disuse)

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25
Sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction
1) ATP hydrolysis 2) attachment 3) power stroke 4) detachment
26
Role of calcium
Muscle contraction
27
Role of ATP
Energy supply
28
Neuromuscular junction
Excitation contraction coupling (EC Coupling) involved events at the junction between a motor neuron and skeletal muscle fiber. The thought process going on in the brain; the AP arriving at the neurotransmitter junction; the regeneration of an AP on the muscle membrane; release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum; sliding of the thick/thin filmaments; muscle movements
29
What ions trigger the release of the neurotransmitter
Calcium
30
What is the biggest neurotransmitter
Ocetylcholine (acCh)
31
Role of acetylcholinesterase
Breaks down acCh after a period of time
32
Sources of muscle energy
1) stored ATP 2) creatine phosphate (energy transfer) 3) aerobic ATP production 4) anaerobic glucose
33
Lactic acid
Causes muscle fatigue "burning"
34
EPOC excess post exercise oxygen consumption
The amount of oxygen repayment required after exercise to: Replenish ATP stores Replenish creatine phosphate/myoglobin stores Convert lactic acid back into pryuvate to be used again in Krebs cycle (ATP)
35
High precision motor unit
Fewer muscle fibers/neurons; laryngeal/extra ocular muscles; 1 nerve few cells; gentle movements; eye muscles (1-4 nerves per cell)
36
Low precision motor unit
Many muscle fibers/neuron; thigh muscles (2,000-3,000); crude movements 1 nerve = 1,000s of cells; quad muscles
37
Red muscle
(Dark meat) have a high myoglobin count; ,ore mito hundred; more energy stores; greater blood supply
38
White muscle
(White meat) have less myoglobin, mitochondria and blood supply
39
Twitch
Recorded when a stimulus that results in a contraction of a single muscle fiber is measured over a very bread millisecond time frame
40
Tetanus
Result in fusion of contractions
41
Muscle tone
Small amount- weakness/involuntary contractions of motor units; established by neurons in the brain/spinal cord; excite motor neurons
42
Hypotonia
Low muscle tone; flaccid paralysis; atrophy
43
Hypertonia
Increase in muscle tone; spastic stiffness rigid; stiffness without reflexes affected
44
Isotonic contraction
Results in movement
45
Eccentric contraction
Contraction in which muscle t sit on and resistance (muscle lengthens)
46
Concentric contraction
Contraction in which muscle shortens while generating force
47
Isometric contraction
Result in no movement Muscle force = resistance Supporting objects in a fixed position/posture
48
Muscle spasm
Sudden involuntary contraction of a single muscle within a large group of muscles
49
Muscle cramp
Involuntary painful sustained muscle contractions
50
Myasthenia gravis
Autoimmune disease; causes chronic progressive damage of NMJ; muscles become fatigued easily, neck face affected first
51
Muscular dystroph
Groups of inherited muscle destroying diseases that cause progressive degeneration of muscle fibers (duchennes, boys affected)
52
Origin
Where tendons attach to stationary usually proximal done (where it's not moving)
53
Insertion
The point or mode of attachment of muscle to bone
54
Prime mover/agonist
Leader muscle; responsible for causing desired movement
55
Antagonist
Stretches yields relaxes to the effects of the prime movement
56
Synergist
Muscles used to prevent unwanted movements at intermediate joints; muscles that work together for an action
57
Occipitofrontalis
Back of school to front; raises eye brows, wrinkles forehead, draws scalp back and forward
58
Orbicularis oculi
Lower eyelids
59
Orbicularis oris
Mouth muscles (kissing)
60
Buccinator
Cheeks (whistling)
61
Zygomaticus major
Upper/lower checks (smiling)
62
Levator palpebrae superioris
Upper eyelids
63
Platysma
Mouth/neck (widens mouth)
64
Temporalis
Temple-jaw (closes mouth)
65
Masseter
Mouth (closes mouth)
66
Sternocleidomastoid
Neck (nodding/turning head flexing head)
67
Scalenes
Neck nodding flexing head
68
Extracular muscles
Eyes (moves eyes)
69
Intercostals
Thoracic cage (inhale/exhale)
70
Diaphragm
Thoracic cage (chest, breathing)
71
``` Abdominal muscles Refute abdominis External oblique Internal oblique Transverse abdominis ```
Abdomen flexes/compresses abdomen
72
Prectoralis major
Chest, pulls arm down
73
Trapezius
Back/shoulder blade/spine, helps strengthen spine
74
``` Rotator cuff: Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Subscapularis ```
Shoulder, shoulder movement
75
Latissimus dorsi
Sides of arm, pulls arm inward/extends shoulder
76
Deltoid
Upper shoulder, raises arm at shoulder
77
Biceps brachii
Arm/forearm, flexes forearm at elbow arm at shoulder
78
Brachiodradialis
Arm/forearm flexes arm at elbow rotates forearm
79
Brachialis
Forearm flexes arm at elbow joint
80
Triceps brachii
Arm forearm, extends forearm at elbow joint arm and shoulder joint
81
Flexor/extensor carpi
Wrist
82
Flexor/extensor digitorum
Forearm, fingers
83
Flexor/extensor pollicis
Thumb movement
84
Abductor/adductor pollicis
Thumb joint
85
Thenar/hypothenar
Cupping hand motion
86
Gluteal group
Buttox, thigh and hip
87
Iliopsoas
Hip, flexes
88
Tensor fasciae latae
Hip, a ducts thigh at hip joint
89
Adductor group
Thigh/hip pulls leg in
90
Hamstring group
Leg/thigh, flexes leg and knee
91
Quadriceps group
Thigh/knee extends knee
92
Sartorius
Thigh, rotates thigh
93
Tibialis anterior
Front of leg, brings up foot
94
Flexor/extensor hallucis
Foot, extends big toe
95
Flexor/extensor digitorum
Toes, flexes toes
96
Gastrocnemius/soleus
Ankle, flexes foot, Achilles' tendon
97
Hallux
Big toe
98
Functions of muscular tissue
Muscles are excitable or irritable; they have the ability to respond to a stimulus; contract able (shorten in length), extensible (extend or stretch), elastic (return to their original shape)

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (10 decks)

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