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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Unit 2: Chemical Level Of Organization > Flashcards

Unit 2: Chemical Level Of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical elements

A

Substances that cannot be split into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means

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2
Q

Chemistry

A

Study of matter

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3
Q

Element

A

A quantity of matter composed of atoms of the same type

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4
Q

Atom

A

The smallest chemical element; a unit of matter

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5
Q

Structures of an atom

A

Protons, neutrons, electrons

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6
Q

Protons

A

Positively charged particles in the nucleus of the atom

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7
Q

Neutrons

A

No charge particles in the nucleus of the atom

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8
Q

Electrons

A

Negatively charged particles in the electron cloud outside of the nucleus of the atom

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9
Q

Neutral atom

A

Has no charge I.e. Neutron

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10
Q

Atomic number

A

The number of protons in an atom

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11
Q

Isotope

A

When the number of neutrons changes an element; a variety of an element

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12
Q

Mass number

A

The sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom; indicates how ,ugh the atom weighs; always a whole number

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13
Q

4 elements that make up 96% of the human body

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

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14
Q

The universal solvent

A

Water

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15
Q

Ion

A

Atoms that have given up or gained an electron in their outer electron she’ll

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16
Q

Cation

A

Positively charged ions that have given up one or more electrons (donors)

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17
Q

Anion

A

Negatively charged ions that have picked up one or more electrons that another atom has lost (acceptors)

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18
Q

Molecule

A

Formed when atoms share electrons

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19
Q

Electrolyte

A

A molecule that disassociates in water to form individual ions

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20
Q

Compound

A

Substances whose molecules have more than one kind of atom

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21
Q

Covalent bond

A

Formed by atoms of molecule sharing 1, 2, or 3 pairs of their outermost electrons - one of the strongest chemical bonds

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22
Q

Ionic bond

A

Formed when an atom loses or gains an electron; ions are then formed

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23
Q

Hydrogen bond

A 
Weak interactions (15% as strong as the covalent bonds) between
Hydrogen and adjacent atoms like oxygen; uneven sharing polar; useful in establishing links between molecules or distant parts of a very large molecule (DNA)
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24
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all the chemical reactions in the body (anabolic/catabolic)

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25
Q

Catalyst

A

Chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions; neither consumed or produced in reaction; used over and over again (digestive enzymes)

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26
Q

Inorganic

A

Simple molecules that lack carbon (water)

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27
Q

Organic

A

Always contain carbon; usually large complex molecules, usually contain hydrogen, always have covalent bonds, the only way carbon bonds

28
Q

Universal solvent

A

Water; many substances can be dissolved in it

Water = inorganic, sustains life; 50-80% of human body

29
Q

Mixture

A

A combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but can be separated by ordinary means

30
Q

Solution

A

A substance (solvent) that dissolved in another substance (solute); doesn’t settle

31
Q

Solute

A

What is being dissolved in a solvent

32
Q

Solvent

A

What is used to dissolve the solute

33
Q

Colloid

A

Particles that do not dissolve but don’t settle out; much smaller particles; don’t easily settle

34
Q

Suspension

A

Then suspended material may mix with the liquid or suspending ,Edith for some time; eventually settles out; naturally separates (blood)

35
Q

pH scale

A

Concentration of hydrogen ions

0-14; 7 neutral; >7 acid;

36
Q

Buffer

A

Maintains even pH; converts strong acids and bases to weak acids and bases; hides excess ions as other molecules

(HCO3^-) = biggest buffer bicarbonate 7.35-7.45

37
Q

pH range of blood

A

7.35-7.45

38
Q

Alkalosis

A

pH above 7.45

39
Q

Acidosis

A

pH below 7.35

40
Q

What forms when acids and bases neutralize each other

A

Water and a salt

41
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Provide most of the energy needed for life; includes sugars, starches, Glycogen, and cellulose

42
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugar (1); 5 carbon sugars used km nuclei can acids, 6 carbon sugars - most recognizable in diet; glucose is preferred energy source

43
Q

Disaccharides

A

Made by combining 2 monosaccharides;
sucrose = glucose + fructose
Lactose = glucose and galactose

44
Q

Polysaccharides

A

3 + simple sugars; the largest carbs; contains 100s of monosaccharides; glycogen is the principle polysaccharide; plant starch and cellulose

45
Q

Building blocks of carbohydrates

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

46
Q

Carb used as primary energy source

A

Glycogen

47
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Put water in

48
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Take water out

49
Q

Where is glycogen stored

A

The liver or skeletal muscles

50
Q

Lipids

A

Organic molecules, combine with proteins for transport in blood

51
Q

Lipoproteins

A

Carry cholesterol to or away from cells/liver; blood transport

52
Q

Triglycerides

A

Most plentiful lipids; provide protection insulation and energy (immediate and stored); the fat in everything

53
Q

Phospholipids

A

Have a head and 2 tails, found in cell membrane, doesn’t like water, polar lipid; organize acids to create cell membranes

54
Q

Steroids

A

Sex hormones, bile salts, some vitamins, cholesterol (needed to make all hormones)

55
Q

HDL

A

High density lipoprotein; carries cholesterol away from cells toward liver for disposal (good cholesterol)

56
Q

LDL

A

Low density phospholipids; carries cholesterol towards cells and blood vessel lining (bad cholesterol)

57
Q

Most important steroid

A

Cholesterol

58
Q

Protein

A

Large molecule

59
Q

Building blocks of proteins

A

Amino acids; carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

60
Q

Element not found in carbs or lipids

A

Nitrogen

61
Q

Bond formed by proteins

A

Peptide bond: covalent bond formed by 2 amino acids (dipeptide/polypeptide/enzymes)

62
Q

Nucleus acids

A

Huge organic molecules composed of nucleotides (building blocks of DNA/RNA)

63
Q

Building blocks of nuclei can acids

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus

64
Q

3 parts of a nucleotide

A

Nitrogenous base, penthouse sugar, phosphate

65
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid:

2 strands
Sugar - deoxyribose
Bases used - adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

66
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid:
Sugar - ribone
Bases - adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine
3 types - messenger, ribosomal, transfer

67
Q

ATP

A 
Energy carrying molecule
Odenosine triphosphate (full name)
Anything that needs energy needs ATP
Cellular energy
Energy input
Energy source for enzymes
Shuttles energy from one place to another

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (10 decks)

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