Unit 2: Chemical Level Of Organization Flashcards
Chemical elements
Substances that cannot be split into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means
Chemistry
Study of matter
Element
A quantity of matter composed of atoms of the same type
Atom
The smallest chemical element; a unit of matter
Structures of an atom
Protons, neutrons, electrons
Protons
Positively charged particles in the nucleus of the atom
Neutrons
No charge particles in the nucleus of the atom
Electrons
Negatively charged particles in the electron cloud outside of the nucleus of the atom
Neutral atom
Has no charge I.e. Neutron
Atomic number
The number of protons in an atom
Isotope
When the number of neutrons changes an element; a variety of an element
Mass number
The sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom; indicates how ,ugh the atom weighs; always a whole number
4 elements that make up 96% of the human body
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
The universal solvent
Water
Ion
Atoms that have given up or gained an electron in their outer electron she’ll
Cation
Positively charged ions that have given up one or more electrons (donors)
Anion
Negatively charged ions that have picked up one or more electrons that another atom has lost (acceptors)
Molecule
Formed when atoms share electrons
Electrolyte
A molecule that disassociates in water to form individual ions
Compound
Substances whose molecules have more than one kind of atom
Covalent bond
Formed by atoms of molecule sharing 1, 2, or 3 pairs of their outermost electrons - one of the strongest chemical bonds
Ionic bond
Formed when an atom loses or gains an electron; ions are then formed
Hydrogen bond
Weak interactions (15% as strong as the covalent bonds) between Hydrogen and adjacent atoms like oxygen; uneven sharing polar; useful in establishing links between molecules or distant parts of a very large molecule (DNA)
Metabolism
The sum of all the chemical reactions in the body (anabolic/catabolic)
Catalyst
Chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions; neither consumed or produced in reaction; used over and over again (digestive enzymes)
Inorganic
Simple molecules that lack carbon (water)
Organic
Always contain carbon; usually large complex molecules, usually contain hydrogen, always have covalent bonds, the only way carbon bonds
Universal solvent
Water; many substances can be dissolved in it
Water = inorganic, sustains life; 50-80% of human body
Mixture
A combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but can be separated by ordinary means
Solution
A substance (solvent) that dissolved in another substance (solute); doesn’t settle
Solute
What is being dissolved in a solvent
Solvent
What is used to dissolve the solute
Colloid
Particles that do not dissolve but don’t settle out; much smaller particles; don’t easily settle
Suspension
Then suspended material may mix with the liquid or suspending ,Edith for some time; eventually settles out; naturally separates (blood)
pH scale
Concentration of hydrogen ions
0-14; 7 neutral; >7 acid;
Buffer
Maintains even pH; converts strong acids and bases to weak acids and bases; hides excess ions as other molecules
(HCO3^-) = biggest buffer bicarbonate 7.35-7.45
pH range of blood
7.35-7.45
Alkalosis
pH above 7.45
Acidosis
pH below 7.35
What forms when acids and bases neutralize each other
Water and a salt
Carbohydrates
Provide most of the energy needed for life; includes sugars, starches, Glycogen, and cellulose
Monosaccharides
Simple sugar (1); 5 carbon sugars used km nuclei can acids, 6 carbon sugars - most recognizable in diet; glucose is preferred energy source
Disaccharides
Made by combining 2 monosaccharides;
sucrose = glucose + fructose
Lactose = glucose and galactose
Polysaccharides
3 + simple sugars; the largest carbs; contains 100s of monosaccharides; glycogen is the principle polysaccharide; plant starch and cellulose
Building blocks of carbohydrates
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Carb used as primary energy source
Glycogen
Hydrolysis
Put water in
Dehydration synthesis
Take water out
Where is glycogen stored
The liver or skeletal muscles
Lipids
Organic molecules, combine with proteins for transport in blood
Lipoproteins
Carry cholesterol to or away from cells/liver; blood transport
Triglycerides
Most plentiful lipids; provide protection insulation and energy (immediate and stored); the fat in everything
Phospholipids
Have a head and 2 tails, found in cell membrane, doesn’t like water, polar lipid; organize acids to create cell membranes
Steroids
Sex hormones, bile salts, some vitamins, cholesterol (needed to make all hormones)
HDL
High density lipoprotein; carries cholesterol away from cells toward liver for disposal (good cholesterol)
LDL
Low density phospholipids; carries cholesterol towards cells and blood vessel lining (bad cholesterol)
Most important steroid
Cholesterol
Protein
Large molecule
Building blocks of proteins
Amino acids; carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
Element not found in carbs or lipids
Nitrogen
Bond formed by proteins
Peptide bond: covalent bond formed by 2 amino acids (dipeptide/polypeptide/enzymes)
Nucleus acids
Huge organic molecules composed of nucleotides (building blocks of DNA/RNA)
Building blocks of nuclei can acids
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus
3 parts of a nucleotide
Nitrogenous base, penthouse sugar, phosphate
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid:
2 strands
Sugar - deoxyribose
Bases used - adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
RNA
Ribonucleic acid:
Sugar - ribone
Bases - adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine
3 types - messenger, ribosomal, transfer
ATP
Energy carrying molecule Odenosine triphosphate (full name) Anything that needs energy needs ATP Cellular energy Energy input Energy source for enzymes Shuttles energy from one place to another
