Unit 4: The Tiessue Level Of Organization Flashcards
Histology
The study of microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues; a branch of pathology
Epithelial tissue
One of 4 basic tissue types
Functions of epithelial tissue
Used to line surfaces and form a protective barrier; secretes things like mucous, hormones, and other substances
Locations of epithelial tissues
Sweat glands, pancreas
Surfaces of epithelial tissue
Free surface and attached surface
Blood supply
No; it gets blood from under lying connective tissue
3 shapes of epithelial tissue
Squamous, cuboidal, columnar
3 layers of epithelial tissue
Simple, stratified, pseudostratified
Simple squamous characteristics
Composed of a single layer of flat cells
Where is simple squamous found?
Air sacs (lungs), lining of blood vessels, heart, lymphatic vessels, epithelial membranes
Simple cuboidal characteristics
Composed of a single layer of cubed shaped cells
Where simple cuboidal is found
Lining of the tubules if the kidneys, glands
Simple columnar characteristics
Single layer if column like cells +/- Microvili +/- mucous (goblet cells)
Where simple columnar is found?
Digestive tract
Goblet cells
Simple columnar cells; differentiated to acquire the ability to secrete mucous
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar characteristics
Appears to have layers due to nuclei which are at various depths; cells are attached to basement membrane in a single layer but some do t extend to the surface; ciliated tissue
Where pseudostratified ciliated columnar is found
Upper respiratory tract
Tissue
A group of cells with a common embryonic origin that function together to carry out specialized activities
Stratified squamous characteristics
Has an apical surface that is made up of squamous cells. Other layers have different shapes but the ma,e is based on the outermost layer. Many layers are ideal for protection against strong friction forces
Where stratified squamous is found
Skin
Stratified cuboidal characteristics
Has an outer surface made of 2 or more layers of cubed shaped cells
Where’s stratified cuboidal found?
Sweat glands; part of the make urethra (exposed to harsher conditions)
Transitional characteristics
Changes shape depending on the state to stretch tissue
Where are transitional cells found?
Bladder
Endothelium
A specialized simple squamous epithelium that lines the entire circulatory system from the heart to the smaller capillary (inside lining)
Mesothelium
Found in serous membranes (middle) (pericardium, pleura, peritoneum (heart))
Carcinoma
Cancer of the epithelial tissue
Connective tissue (CT)
Most abundant and widely distributed tissues in the body, the most heterogeneous of tissue groups; binds tissues, supports/strengthens tissue, protects and insulates internal organs; compartmentalizes/transports; energy reserves/immune response
Location of connective tissue
?
Main protein of connectives tissue
Collagen
Blood supply of CT
Highly vascular; supplied with many nerves
Extra cellular matrix of CT?
Non cellular material. Between/around cells; protein fiber/ground substance
Fibroblasts
The most numerous cell of CT; secretes protein fibers (collagen, elastin, reticular fibers, ground substance) immature, young, high fiber producing cells
Chondrocytes
Make various cartilaginous CT
Adipocytes
Store triglycerides (fat)
Osteocytes
Make bone
Collagen fiber
Strength
Elastin fiber
Stretch
Reticular fiber
Internal framework
Sarcoma
Cancer of CT
Loose connective - areolar CT
Most widely distributed in body p; contains several types of cells and all 3 fiber types; used to attach skin and underlying tissues and as a packing between muscles, glands, and nerve tissue (tissue glue)
Loose connective - adipose CT
Located in the subcutaneous layer deep in the skin and around organs and joints; padding, insulation, fat/energy storage; reduces heat loss
Loose connective - reticular CT
Network of interlacing reticular fibers and cells; forms a scaffolding used by cells of lymphoid tissues such as steel and lymph-nodes
Dense connective - dense irregular
Predominantly fibroblasts and collagen; provides strength and many directions
Dense connective
Comprised of tendons/ligaments, and other strong attachments; need for strength along 1 axis/direction is necessary
Elastic connective tissue
Predominantly fibroblasts and freely branching elastic fibers; allows stretching of certain tissues (aorta)
Cartilage
A tissue with poor blood supply that grows slowly; repair is slow
Hyaline cartilage
Most abundant; covers ends of long bones (ribs, nose, trachea, bronchi, larynx); provides smooth surface for joint movement
Fibrocartilage
Has thick bundles of collagen fibers; strong tough cartilage; fibrocartilage discs between vertebrae space; knee joints
Elastic cartilage
Consists of Chondrocytes located in. A threadlike network; makes up the malleable part of the external ear and epiglottis
Bone
A connective tissue with a calcified intercellular matrix; in the right circumstances the chrondocytes of cartilage are capable of turning into the osteocytes that make up bone tissue
Blood
Atypical liquid connective tissue; blood has many cells; fiber (fibrin-clots blood); not physical, functional
Lymph
Atypical liquid connective tissue; physical not functional
What tissues are electrically excitable?
Neurons and muscle fibers
Skeletal muscle
Attaches to bones; striated voluntary
Cardiac muscle
Striated/involuntary; intercalated disks; heart only
Smooth muscle
Non striated/visceral/involuntary; no cross striations; found in blood vessels/tube shaped organs
Striated muscles?
Skeletal; cardiac
Voluntary
Skeletal
neurons
Has cell body; 2 processes (axion/dendrite);
axion - carries nerve impulses away from cell body
Dendrite - carries nerve impulses to cell body
Glia (neuralgia)
Supportive and connecting cells; does not send nerve impulses
Parts of neuron
Axion; dendrites
Epithelial membranes
Epithelium + connective tissue
Mucous membrane
Line interior surfaces open to the outside
Location of mucous membrane
Interior body surfaces
Examples of mucous membranes
Digestive tract; respiratory tract; reproductive tract; urinary tract
Serous membrane
Not open to outside
Location of serous membrane
Line some interior surfaces
Examples of serous membrane
Parietal layer next to body wall; visceral layer next to organ; serous fluid between layers; pleura pericardium, peritoneum
Cutaneous membrane
Skin
Connective membrane - synovial membrane
Enclose certain joints; made of connective tissue only
Location of synovial membrane
Knee; shoulder
Glands
Epithelial glands - simple organs
Endocrine - secreted directly into the blood
Exocrine - secretes into a lemon or duct/skin surface
Types of tissue?
?
Endocrine
Secretes directly into the blood
Exocrine
Into a lumen or ducts (mucous, sweat, saliva, oil, earwax, contain digestive enzymes)
Parenchyma
Consists of that tissue which conducts the specific function of the organ
Storms
Everything else; connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves
Granulation tissue
Actively growing connective tissue
Tissue repair
Return to homeostasis Depends on active repair of parenchyma cells and stoma
1). Fibroblasts divide rapidly
2). New collagen fibers are manufactured
3). New blood capillaries supply materials for healing
Created a granulation tissue
