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APUSH vocabulary > Unit 9: Entering into the 21st Century (1980-present) > Flashcards

Unit 9: Entering into the 21st Century (1980-present) Flashcards

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1
Q

the malaise speech

A

a speech by Jimmy Carter that complained that people were letting themselves by overtaken by a crisis of confidence

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2
Q

Ronald Reagan

A

former actor and gov of Ca, presented himself has Carter’s opposite, stressed positive aspects of America
–> won 1980 election

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3
Q

supply-side economics

A

Reagan believed that if corporate taxes were reduced, those corporations would earn greater profits which would be used to buy equipment and hire more employees –> wealth would trickle down and reinvigorate the economy

+ large-scale deregulation of banking, industry, and environment

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4
Q

opposition to Reagan’s tax cut

A

it hurt the poor who depended on federal enfranchisement programs to survive

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5
Q

Results of supply-side economics

A

initially nothing happened –> decreased inflation but rich still getting richer and using it for luxury items

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6
Q

New Federalism

A

Reagan’s plan to decrease the size of the federal govt: goal was to shift power from national govt to the states

national govt fund social welfare programs while states pay for all of Medicaid

–> never accomplished

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7
Q

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

A

a space-based missile shield system to increase military spending

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8
Q

Reagan and SU

A

Reagan escalated arms race –> bankrupt SU = end to Cold War

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9
Q

Federal budget deficit

A

govt spending increased while govt revenues decreased, forcing govt to borrow money –> no one would compromise on either increasing taxes or decreasing social welfare funding

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10
Q

Foreign policy under Raegan

A

Sought to end Cold War by winning it on every front possible: supported repressive regimes and right-wing insurgents in El Salvador, Panama, Philippines, and Mozambique because they opposed communism; led invasion of Grenada to topple communist govt

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11
Q

Iran-Contras Affair

A

Congress cut funding of Nicaraguan insurgents called Contras for murdering civilians –> Reagan committed to supporting them so they secretly sold weapons to Iran and used income to buy guns for contras

–> member of Security Council took full credit

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12
Q

Reagan and Lebanon

A

Reagan sent marines to Lebanon as part of a UN peacekeeping force
–> suicide bomb killed 240 servicemen –> pulled out troops

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13
Q

Reagan and SU

A

initially deteriorated - Reagan called SU “evil empire”

–> arms race forced negotiations to avoid high costs

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14
Q

Mikhail Gorbachev

A

reformer who rose to power in SU: loosened control, increased personal liberties, and allowed free-market commerce

negotiated withdrawal of nuclear weapons from Europe

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15
Q

perestroika / restructuring

A

Gorbachev’s economic policy

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16
Q

glasnost / openness

A

Gorbachev’s social reforms:

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17
Q

George H. W. Bush

A

elected 1988: called for “a kinder, gentler nation”

–> traditional America (family and abstinence)

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18
Q

Persian Gulf War (August 1990)

A

Saddam Hussein (leader of Iraq) invaded oil-rich Kuwait –> Bush built UN coalition against Iraq when it seized and threatened oil supply

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19
Q

End of Cold War

A

Ended during Bush’s presidency with dismantling of Berlin Wall = no containment policy because SU is no longer a threat

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20
Q

Operation Desert Storm

A

massive air strikes against strategic Iraqi targets

–> ended quickly with few US casualties

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21
Q

End of Persian Gulf War

A

Iraq required to submit inspections that there were no weapons of mass destruction production facilities, and Saddam Hussein remained in power

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22
Q

post-Cold War foreign policy

A

focused on political stability in Middle East and defending human rights

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23
Q

Immigration from 1970s

A

fastest-growing: Hispanics and Asians

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24
Q

Immigration Act of 1965

A

phased out all national quotas and set annual limits on immigration from W. hem, relaxing restrictions on non-European immigration

gave priority to reuniting families, certain skilled workers, and political refugees (Cuba and SE Asia)

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25
Q

Effects of increased immigration

A

debate on immigration policy, bilingual education, affirmative action, illegal immigration, impact of immigrants on economy and society

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26
Q

Simpson-Mazzoli Act (1986)

A

outlawed deliberate employment of illegal immigrants and granted legal status to some illegal aliens who entered the US before 1982

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27
Q

Guest worker programs

A

attempts to curb illegal immigration by offering temporary employment workers (ex. Bracero program)

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28
Q

Cultural impact of increased immigration

A
  • Little Italy (NY)
  • Chinatown (San Francisco)
  • Little Havana (Miami)
  • Little Saigon (Orange Country)
  • multilingual services
29
Q

Arguments for diversity as an asset

A
  • enriches development of economy and society

- US identity evolves with immigration

30
Q

Arguments for diversity as a liability

A
  • places burden on social security

- US identity threatened by presence of cultures that “do not fit”

31
Q

William Jefferson Clinton

A

with VP Al Gore; first Democrat elected since Jimmy Carter (1993)

32
Q

1990s economy

A
  • idea of local $ could not be considered without global $

- digital tech rev

33
Q

Acceleration of globalism in the 1990s

A

promotes interconnectivity of nations by way of economic agreements (free trade, reducing tariffs), immigration, and military intervention

34
Q

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

A

eliminated trade barriers among US, Mexico, and Canada

feared by unions (move factories where cheaper), supported by corporations

35
Q

1994 Congressional Election

A

Speaker of House Newt Gingrich’s Contract outlined laws Rs wished to pass to reduce taxes, consolidate govt programs, and reform welfare entitlement programs
–> Clinton cooperated with Ds = reelection

36
Q

Clinton-Lewinsky scandal

A

prosecutor Kenneth Star made Whitewater accusations of Clinton’s dubious real-estate dealings
–> House impeached Clinton for perjury, obstruction of justice, and abuse of power (finished 2nd term)

37
Q

Criticism of Clinton’s actions

A
  • blind eye to human right violations in China
  • (1999) supported bombing campaign in Yugoslavia under NATO
  • Slobodan Milosevic (Serbia pres) conducting “ethnic cleansing” against Balkan Muslims
38
Q

“Don’t ask, don’t tell”

A

Clinton’s policy pertaining to gays in US military

39
Q

2000 election

A

Networks reported George W. Bush –> recounted Fl vote –> Bush was elected

40
Q

neoconservatism

A

“new conservatism”: promoted idea of spreading democracy worldwide and putting US corporate interests first through use of military Actions abroad

global trade and open immigration

–> debate = US lost faith in govt ability to solve social and $ problems

41
Q

African Americans in politics

A
  • without voting limitations, the number of AA voters increased
  • 1st AA mayors
42
Q

Shirley Chisholm (1968)

A

first AA woman elected to Congress, and to run for president

43
Q

Reverend Jesse Jackson

A

ran for D presidential nomination

44
Q

Colin Powell and Condoleezza Rice

A

George W. Bush who occupied most powerful political office for AA

45
Q

Barack Obama

A

first AA president elected 2008

46
Q

Urban problems

A

Minorities continued to migrate to cities, whites migrated to suburbs –> businesses to suburbs = poor and minorities remained in cities

47
Q

urban riots of 1960s

A

widened gap between cities and suburbs, heightened racial tensions

48
Q

Rodney King

A

black man beaten by police during riot in South Central Los Angeles

49
Q

Forced busing (1974-1975)

A

resulted in violence: vandalized, violent police, whites sent kids to private schools

50
Q

Milliken v. Bradley (1974)

A

SC ruled that an interdistrict remedy for unconstitutional segregation found in one district exceeded the scope of violation

51
Q

Crime in 1990s

A

reached its lowest levels - theory that it was caused by decreased levels of lead from environmental legislation
–> revitalization of US cities

52
Q

9/11 terrorist attack

A

Osama bin Laden’s Al Qaeda organization attacked the World Trade Center and the Pentagon and killed 3000 civilians
–> US got NATO support and launched attack on Taliban govt –> war led to x Talivan and restoration of democracy in Afghanistan

53
Q

2003 Iraq invasion

A

caused by allegations that Saddam Hussein helped 9/11 + human rights violations and rumors of mass weapon destruction

  • -> US seized Baghdad and Hussein went into hiding
  • -> US est provisional govt –> tensions = prolonged US occupation
54
Q

Evangelicalism (1970s-1990s)

A

evangelical Christians (member of Protestant branch that emphasized “born-again” religious experience and fundamentalism) became increasingly prominent in political life

55
Q

New Right

A

coalition of conservative groups to support the Republican party –> helped elect Reagan and George W. Bush

56
Q

digital revolution

A

worldwide inter connectivity: devices easier to produce = cheaper; used for personal and business

57
Q

“dot-com bubble” (late 1990s)

A

widespread speculation on the value of inter-based companies before many of those sites were able to turn a profit –> first wave of internet millionaires

58
Q

shift in jobs

A

(1990-2019) jobs #s decreased –> replaced by retail jobs –> (2008-2009) recession decreased retail employment so many found work in health industry

59
Q

decline of union power in 20th century

A
  • Taft Harley Act of 1947
  • Union bursting not tolerated (Reagan fired 3000 striking air traffic controllers)
  • generational divide – youth does not have same experiences = don’t see benefits
60
Q

Wage stagnation

A

effect of union membership decline: income inequality

61
Q

Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999

A

did away with Glass-Steagall Act provision that decided if banks are commercial or investment
–> recession from banks offering home loans based on speculation of the value of those homes

62
Q

21st century working women

A
  • taking larger professional roles, but still glass ceiling
  • prioritizing careers before marriage
  • 2008 recession primarily affected male jobs = women primary money earners
63
Q

Women in politics

A

increased women in politics:

  • Hillary Clinton’s pres campaign
  • Geraldine Ferraro and Sarah Palin as running mates
  • increased women in Congress
64
Q

New family structures end of 20th century

A

rise in one-parent households

65
Q

financial crash of 2008

A

crisis in mortgage industry: Bush and Obama responded by providing financial assistance to major banks (“banker bailout”)

66
Q

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare

A

controversial set of laws aimed to both regulate medical industry and provide subsidies to uninsured Americans

67
Q

Election of 2016

A

turbulent: R ideological divisions and rivalry Trump vs Clinton
- -> Clinton won popular vote, Trump won electoral –> Trump won

68
Q

New populism

A

emerged after Trump’s election: skepticism for established institutions and optimism regarding political “outsiders”

APUSH vocabulary (8 decks)

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