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APUSH vocabulary > Unit 5: Toward the Civil War and Reconstruction (1844-1877) > Flashcards

Unit 5: Toward the Civil War and Reconstruction (1844-1877) Flashcards

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1
Q

Whigs

A
  • stood for policy of internal improvements

- believed it was not the government’s place to do anything with newly added land and it should be kept privately

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2
Q

Polk’s presidency

A

won 1844 election

Four goals:

  1. restore practice of keeping government funds in treasury (jackson kept them in pet banks)
  2. reduce tariffs
  3. claim the Southwest from Mexico
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3
Q

Context to Oregon treaty

A

President Tyler proposed annexation of Texas - large, South of Missouri comp line = alarm –> demanded balance by annexing Oregon Country

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4
Q

Oregon Treaty

A

prevented territorial war with Britain

allowed US to peacefully acquire Oregon, Washington, parts of Idaho, Wyoming, Montana, and est northern border

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5
Q

Mexican-American War (1846)

A

Polk concentrated on efforts to claim Southwest from Mexico but buying the territory failed, so he challenged Mexican authorities and provoked an attack –> US declared war

-no universal support - Northerners feared new states would be slave, argued Polk had been controlled by powerful slaveholders

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6
Q

Slave Power

A

rich Southerners who allegedly were “pulling the strings”

reinforced with gag rule and Wilmot Proviso

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7
Q

Wilmot Provisio

A

a bill that prohibited the extension of slavery into any territory gained from Mexico - vote fell on sectional lines

–> Democrats became more Southern-dominated

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8
Q

Whig party split

A
  • Northern “Conscious Whigs (anti-slavery)

- Southern “Cotton Whigs” - became extinct

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9
Q

Free-Soil Party

A

a regional, single-issue party devoted to the goals of the Wilmot Provisio

opposed expansion of slavery because they didn’t want white settlers to have to compete with slave labor in the new territories

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10
Q

End of Mexican-American War

A

US very successful - easily pushed across Southwest, into California, and invaded Mexico City

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11
Q

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

A

Mexico gave US Arizona, New Mexico, California, Nevada, and Utah

US paid $15m for land

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12
Q

Problems with Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

A

status of slavery: lands west of Mississippi were not suitable for growing cotton, and tobacco
–> Southerners wanted slavery in whole southeastern quarter of country –> popular sovereignty

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13
Q

popular sovereignty

A

the territories themselves would decide, by vote, whether to allow slavery within their borders

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14
Q

Debate over California

A

Increased population from Gold Rush = wants statehood

already had constitution which prohibited slavery –> South opposed statehood
–> discussed secession

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15
Q

Compromise of 1850

A

presented by Stephen Douglas and Whig Henry Clay:

  • admitted CA as free
  • enacted stronger fugitive slave law
  • created Utah and New Mexico territories - decide if slavery by popular sovereignty
  • abolished slave trade
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16
Q

Problems with the Compromise of 1850

A
  • vague popular sovereignty = manipulated by South

- fugitive slave law required free states to cooperate in slave retrieval

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17
Q

Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe

A

Damning depictions of plantation life on information provided her by abolitionist friends - played on people’s sympathies
–>increased anti-slavery sentiment

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18
Q

Kansas-Nebraska Act

A

gave government control over lands of Kansas and Nebraska, and construction of continental railroad

promoted by Senator Stephen Douglas who wanted the transcontinental railroad to terminate in Illinois

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19
Q

personal liberty laws

A

passed by Northerners in response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act which required trial by jury for all alleged fugitives and guaranteed them the right to a lawyer

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20
Q

Republicans

A

Antislavery Whigs who joined Northern Democrats and Free-Soilers

dedicated to keeping slavery out of the territories

championed further development of national roads, liberal lad distribution of West, and increased protective tariffs

grew quickly

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21
Q

The American party / Know-Nothings

A

met privately and remained secretive about their political agenda

rallied around their hatred of foreigners (nativism)

party self-destructed over disagreement over slavery

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22
Q

Bleeding Kansas / Bloody Kansas

A

The Kansas-Nebraska Act provoked violence in territories:

abolitionists and proslavery groups rushed to form governments - antislavery constitution from Topeka vs proslavery from Lecomptom
–> ratified lecomptom Constitution

–> proslavery forces took opportunity to expel free-soilers –> raided city of Lawrence –> John Brown led raid –> gangs

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23
Q

Border Ruffians

A

proslavery Missourians who temporarily relocated to Kansas

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24
Q

John Brown

A

after attack on city of Lawrence, the radical abolitionist led a raid on a proslavery camp and murdered five

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25
Q

effects of Kansas in the government

A 
Preston Brooks (nephew of proslavery Senator Andrew Butler) beat abolitionist Senator Charles Sumner on the head with a cane for a speech in which Sumner attacked the South and Butler
--> Dems chose James Buchanan as 1856 candidate
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26
Q

James Buchanan

A

won 1856 election

tried to maintain status quo - enforced fugitive slave act, opposed abolitionist activism in South and West, no solution to slavery

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27
Q

Dred Scott v. Sandford

A

Scott, a former slave who was taken to free territory, declared himself free and sued for freedom –> to Supreme Court but lost

Chief Justice Roger Taney declared slaves were property and that no black person could ever be a citizen = could not sue in federal courts

ruled Congress could not regulate slavery in the territories - nullified Missouri Compromise and Kansas-Nebraska Act

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28
Q

Dred Scott decision

A

slavery could go anywhere - major Southern victory

–> Northern opposition

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29
Q

Lincoln - Douglas debate (1858)

A

Douglas (Democrat) vs Abraham Lincoln (Whig who opposed Kansas-Nebraska Act) for Illinois Senate seat

-Lincoln’s “House Divided” speech

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30
Q

Freeport Doctrine

A

Douglas’s attempt to defend popular sovereignty that destroyed his political career - said voters and residents of a territory could exclude slavery simply by not protecting a man’s “property”

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31
Q

John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry (1859)

A

Brown hoped to spark a slave revolt but failed –> executed

–> evidence Northern abolitionists had given him financial backing –> Brown became a martyr

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32
Q

Election of 1860

A

country divided –> Lincoln won

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33
Q

Crittendon Compromise

A

proposed by Southerners who wanted to maintain Union and negotiate after the election of 1860
–> Lincoln refused to soften to Republican demands to not extend slavery to the territories

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34
Q

Confederate States of America

A

South Carolina first seceded in December 1860 –> six more states joined

led by Jefferson Davis

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35
Q

Fort Sumter

A

Lincoln maintained control of federal forts in the South –> South attacked and captured Fort Sumter = first battle of the Civil War

36
Q

Purpose of Civil War

A

not about slavery - protected by the constitution:

  • North fighting to preserve Union
  • South fighting for states’ rights
  • -> slavery caused argument over states’ rights to escalate to war
37
Q

Border States

A

Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware - slave states that fought for the Union

38
Q

Battle of Antietam (Sept 1862)

A

first battle fought in the east where the the Union wasn’t completely defeated - forced Confederacy to retreat and claimed victory –> gave Lincoln platform to announce Emancipation Proclamation

39
Q

Battle of Gettysburg

A

Fought in Pennsylvania - most Northern point Confederacy had reached –> Lee forced to retreat = North confidence boost

40
Q

Gettysburg Address

A

given after the Battle of Gettysburg - redefined the war as a struggle to preserve the union and for human equality

41
Q

Civil War and the Confederacy

A

fighting for states’ rights, but under great control from Davis : weak, poorly organized state govt = Davis control over economy (taxes, control of railroads and commercial shipping, large bureaucracy)

  • -> Davis suspended writ of habeas corpus when opposed
  • ->rapid industrial growth but still lagged behind + inflation
42
Q

habeas corpus

A

traditional protection against improper imprisonment

43
Q

conscription in the Confederacy

A
  • increased poverty – farms couldn’t survive without the men
  • class conflict - wealthy hired surrogates and did not need to serve if they had 20 slaves = only poor had to serve
  • -> desertions and resistance
44
Q

Civil War and the Union

A
  • economic boom from demand for war-related goods –> war profiteering and corruption
  • inflation
  • formed unions –> businesses violent opposition (supported by Republicans)
  • increase central government power
45
Q

war profiteering

A

entrepreneurs who became wealthy from the war who overcharged the government for services and products - sold the worst products

46
Q

Lincoln’s power growth during the war

A
  • economic programs without approval
  • government loans and grants
  • raised tariffs
  • suspended writ of habeas corpus
  • initiated national currency and green-backs
47
Q

Radical Republicans

A

wanted immediate emancipation of slaves (more progressive Congress than Lincoln was expecting)

48
Q

confiscation acts

A

introduced by the Radical Republicans:

  1. Gave govt right to seize any slaves used for “insurrectionary purposes”
  2. allowed govt to liberate any slave owened by someone who supported the rebellion – gave Union right to free all slaves
    - -> Lincoln refused to enforce
49
Q

Lincoln’s change in opinion on slavery

A

slaves indirectly supported the South (grew crops, cooked, etc) = strategies must include capturing slaves but only option is to then free them

  • -> would prevent Britain and France from being Southern allies, and would give North more troops
  • -> Lincoln took action after Antietam victory
50
Q

Emancipation Proclamation

A

issued after Northern victory at Antietam:
-didn’t actually freed slaves – govt liberates all slaves in states “in rebellion” (not in border states or Southern countries states Union control - Lincoln did not have the power to)
-allowed South to rejoin without giving up slavery
declared war against slavery

51
Q

Thirteenth Amenment

A

prohibited slavery

52
Q

Hampton Roads Confederence

A

Lincoln tried to negotiate the Thirteenth Amendment with Southerners rejoining the Union:

  • offered 5 year delay of amendment and $400m compensation
  • -> Davis refused compromise
53
Q

Election of 1862

A

majority opposed war:

  • few Southerners actually owned slaves = resentment for Confederacy
  • “War Democrats” – believed war necessary to preserve Union – vs Copperheads – accused Lincoln of instigating war as disguised attempt to destroy South
  • immigrant opposition
54
Q

Immigrant opposition to the war

A

poor, already faced nativism = resentment to draft and fear that freed slaves would compete with their jobs

55
Q

Freedman’s Bureau

A

first federal social Welfare program in the US - helped newly liberated blacks est a place in postwar society (food, housing, schools, etc)

56
Q

End of Civil War

A

Confederate Leaders surrendered April 1865

5 days later Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth

serious casualties and debts, increased government power

57
Q

Sherman’s March from Atlanta to the sea

A

Union burned everything in its wake to deplete the South’s materials

58
Q

Reconstruction

A
  1. What conditions would South be readmitted?
  2. What is status of blacks?
  3. What should be done with the rebels?
  4. How to rebuild South?
59
Q

Ten-Percent Plan

A

Lincoln’s painless plan to readmit South: required 10% of voters to swear oath of allegiance to Union and accept emancipation

60
Q

Wade-Davis Bill

A

Congress’s readmittance plan - Radical Republicans viewed South as “conquered territory” and believed Congress had control, not Lincoln, over the situation:
-former Confederate states be ruled by military govt
required 50% of electorate to sear oath of allegiance
-organize state convention to repeal their secession and abolish slavery
–> Lincoln pocket-vetoed

61
Q

Andrew Johnson

A

assumed presidency after Lincoln’s assassination - had complete control over Reconstruction because Congress was in recess

Southern Democrat, opposed secession

62
Q

Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan

A
  • creation of provisional military governments to run the states until they were readmitted to the Union
  • required Southern loyalty oath before being pardoned – barred former Southern elite
  • provisional govts have to make new constitutions eliminating slavery and renouncing secession (did not require black suffrage)
63
Q

Failure of Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan

A
  • Johnson pardoned many of the Southern elite
  • former Confederate leaders still took power
  • only made slight revisions to previous constitutions
  • passed black codes
  • Congress reconvened – included Confederate leaders –> voted out
64
Q

General Sherman’s Special Field Order No. 15

A

land seized from the Confederates was to be redistributed among the new freedmen
–> Johnson rescinded

65
Q

Johnson’s refusal to compromise

A

claimed Reconstruction was over because Congress wanted to modify his plan
–> vetoed extension of Freedman’s Bureau and uniform civil rights code –> Congress overrode = increased tensions

66
Q

Congressional Reconstruction

A

Response to Johnson’s ending of Reconstruction - Fourteenth amendment:

  1. if you are born in US you are a citizen
  2. prohibits states from depriving citizen of “life, liberty, or property without due process of “
  3. prevented states from denying “equal protection of the law”
  4. states choice to give freedmen suffrage
  5. barred prominent Confederates from holding political office
  6. excused Confederacy’s war debt
67
Q

Swing Around the Circle public speaking tour

A

Johnson campaigned against the 14th Amendment and lost

68
Q

Military Reconstruction Act of 1867

A
  • imposed martial law on South
  • state constitutional conventions that forced states to allow blacks to vote for convention delegates
  • states must ratify 14th Amendment
  • laws to limit president’s power so Johnson couldn’t veto
69
Q

Impeachment of Johnson

A

for violating the Tenure of Office Act but really because he was getting in the war of Reconstruction

70
Q

Ulysses S. Grant

A

elected after Johnson’s impeachment - victory due to black votes

71
Q

Fifteenth Amendment

A

required states to enfranchise black men

72
Q

Successes of Reconstruction

A
  • officially allowed blacks to vote
  • replaced appointed govt positions with elected
  • public schools, orphanages, and reform in South
  • industrial and rail development in South
  • blacks serving in Southern govts
73
Q

Failure of Reconstruction

A
  • costly = high taxes and hostile public and opposition
  • corruption during Gilded Age and Grant’s admin – little political experience so appointed friends to govt positions
  • began war of intimidation
  • did not redistribute Southern wealth and alter power structure – would return to previous state with North left
74
Q

Scalawags and Carpetbaggers

A

names given by Southerners to Northerners in South running Reconstruction programs - many were corrupt

75
Q

Scandals during Reconstruction (do not need to memorize but should be familiar)

A
  • Black Friday
  • Credit Mobilier Scandal
  • New York Custom House ring
  • Star Routine frauds
  • Sanborn incident
  • Pratt and Boyd scandal
  • Whiskey Ring
  • Delano affair
  • Trading post scandal
  • Alexander Cattell and Co. scandal
  • Safe burglary
  • -> diverted public attention from post-war conditions of South
76
Q

War of intimidation

A

Klu Klux Klan (murdering freedmen) and the White League (murdered Republicans)

77
Q

Enforcement Acts

A

allowed Grant to send federal troops to oppose the Klan and limit their violence

78
Q

Declining Reconstruction *

A

Supreme Court restricted scope of 14th and 15th amendments:

  • Slaughter-House cases – ruled 14th only applied to fed govt
  • US vs Reese – “grandfather clauses” (restrictions on voting privelages)
79
Q

Liberal Republicans *

A

During 1872 election they abandoned coalition that supported Reconstruction: supported candidate Horace Greeley who lost to Grant

80
Q

Amnesty Act of 1872 *

A

pardoned many rebels = reentry to public life

81
Q

Panic of 1873 *

A

drew Nation’s attention from Reconstruction

82
Q

Election of 1876

A

both political parties accusing the other of fraud: Samuel J. Tilden (Boss Tweed) – Republicans challenged his support –> Congress resolved by creating special bipartisan commission

83
Q

“Boss” Tweed

A

notorious political boss

84
Q

Compromise of 1877

A

agreed that if Rutherford B. Hayes won presidential election, he would end military reconstruction and pull federal troops out of South Carolina and Louisiana
–> ended Reconstruction

85
Q

Southern Blacks during and after Reconstruction

A
  • thrust into ambiguous state of freedom – reacted cautiously by remaining on plantations and sharecroppers or searching for family
  • helped by Freedman’s Bureau – underfunded = end
  • govt would not redistribute land
  • preferred sharecropping – worked initially but became means to keep them in a near state of slavery and debt
  • Mississippi became progressive – Hiram Revels and Blanche K. Bruce in Senate and Robert Smalls in House

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