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APUSH vocabulary > Unit 8: The Postwar Period and Cold War (1945-1980) > Flashcards

Unit 8: The Postwar Period and Cold War (1945-1980) Flashcards

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1
Q

Cold War

A

conflict between communism (SU) and capitalism (US) – no actual conflict

  • proxy wars in Korea in Vietnam
  • US economy – dependent on exports and needed import metals
  • rise of US and SU due to defeat of J and G during WWII
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2
Q

Debate over Poland’s government

A

Soviets refused to recognize Poland’s conservative govt-in-exile –> communism took over –> spread to Hungary and Czech

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3
Q

Truman Doctrine

A

cornerstone of containment – US would not instigate a war with SU but it would defend countries in danger of Soviet takeover

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4
Q

Greece and Turkey

A

communism threatened to take over and England could no longer support them –> US sent aid
–> Truman doctrine

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5
Q

Marshall Plan

A

send money to Europe to help rebuild its cities and economy – no SU countries participated
–> expected countries to become allies

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6
Q

North Atlantic Treaty Alliance (NATO)

A

defense alliance US, Canada, and W Europe

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7
Q

Berlin blockade

A

The Allies planned on merging their sectors of Berlin –> SU imposed blockade –> Truman refused to surrender city and ordered airlifts to supply food and fuel

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8
Q

National Security Council and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

A

created in fear of Soviet invasion after they detonated their first atomic bomb

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9
Q

NSC-68

A

document that said US should invest more money into military spending because they couldn’t trust other countries to help protect them against communism

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10
Q

Reconstruction of Japan

A

After WWI, US occupied Japan whose colonial possessions were divided up (US took SK and SU took NK)

under Gen Douglas MacArthur, Japan wrote democratic constitution, demilitarized, and began economic revival

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11
Q

Chinese Revolution

A

US sided with nationalist Chiang Kai-shek vs communist Mao Zedong
–> communists won and Chiang was exiled to Taiwan

–> US refused to recognized Mao

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12
Q

House on Un-American Activities (HUAC)

A

Republicans who conducted investigations of supposed communists

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13
Q

Truman’s investigations

A

investigated federal employees in search of “security risks” - fired many, many resigned

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14
Q

Alger Hiss

A

A former State Dept official found guilty of consorting with communist spy

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15
Q

Hollywood Ten

A

investigations within Hollywood to root out communists –> blacklist

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16
Q

Joseph McCarthy

A

claimed to have a list of more than 200 known communists in State Dept –> brutal investigations

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17
Q

blacklists

A

lists of those tainted by charges of communism which prevented them from working

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18
Q

Fall of McCarthy

A

McCarthy accused Army of harboring communists –> army fought back

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19
Q

Army-McCarthy hearings

A

televised hearing that made McCarthy look foolish

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20
Q

post-war economy

A
  • end of wartime production = lay-offs, return of vets, and unemployment
  • increased consumer spending from savings = inflation
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21
Q

anti-unionism

A
  • United Mine Workers strike –> Truman seized mines to settle
  • railroad strike –> Truman threatened to draft strikers
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22
Q

President’s Committee on Civil Rights

A

Truman issued report calling for end to segregation and for aggressive enforcement of antilynching laws

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23
Q

Truman’s actions for civil rights

A
  • forbid racial discrimination in hiring of fed employees

- deseg Armed Forces

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24
Q

Civil Rights victories

A
  • NAACP won lawsuits against seg schools and buses
  • Jackie Robinson
  • coalitions with black and white groups
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25
Q

Dixiecrats

A

segregationists Dems who abandoned the party to support Strom Thurmond

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26
Q

Taft-Harley Act

A

passed by conservative Republican Congress over Truman’s veto: prohibited “union only” work environments (closed shops), restricted right to strike, prohibited use of union funds for political purposes, and gave govt power to intervene in strikes.

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27
Q

Truman wins reelection

A

unpopular, but conservative Congress made him look better – Taft-Harley Act, rebuked his welfare proposals
–> Truman challenged them to enact extremely conservative platform –> did nothing

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28
Q

The Korea War

A

North Korea invaded South Korea –> US intervened –> provoked China –> US pushed South
–> MacArthur wanted full Chinese confrontation –> Truman disagreed –> MacArthur publicly criticized pres –> fired

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29
Q

Election of 1952

A

Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower won

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30
Q

Eisenhower Years (1953-1961)

A

conformity, consensus of values (believed US the best, against communism, and suburbs), consumerism, civil rights movement, beats, rock ‘n’ roll

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31
Q

G.I Bill of Rights

A

provided allowance for educational and living expenses for returning soldiers and vets who wished to earn their high-school diploma or attend college
–> achieve prosperity + stimulate post-war economy (loans for homes/farms/businesses)

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32
Q

Eisenhower’s domestic policies

A
  • Wanted to balance budget, cut spending, and ease businesses regulation, but could not with Cold War
  • New Look Army
  • could not eliminate popular New Deal
  • increased Social Security
  • began Interstate Highway System (easier for military transport)
  • high costs
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33
Q

New Look Army

A

Eisenhower reduced military spending by reducing troops and buying powerful weapons systems

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34
Q

Termination

A

Eisenhower’s new policy towards NAs: liquidate reservations, end federal support, and subject them to state law
–> wanted to reduce federal responsibilities but caused unrest and poverty

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35
Q

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

A

Supreme Court overturned the Plessy v. Fergusen “separate but equal” doctrine and ordered desegregation of schools

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36
Q

Response to Brown decision

A

paid for private schools, closed public schools

–> Eisenhower did little

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37
Q

Little Rock Nine

A

a group of black students prevented by gov of Arkansas from enrolling in Little Rock High School

  • -> Eisenhower did nothing
  • -> Arkansas closed all public high school
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38
Q

Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960

A

strengthened voting rights protection of Southern blacks and punishments for crimes against blacks

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39
Q

Montgomery bus boycott

A

began 1955 when Rosa Parks was arrested –> outrage –> boycott

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40
Q

Martin Luther King Jr

A
  • brought to national prominence after the Montgomery bus boycott
  • encouraged peaceful protests
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41
Q

Result of Montgomery bus boycott

A

Supreme Court ordered integration of all public transportation

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42
Q

Greensboro sit-in

A

students organized a peaceful sit-in which inspired national movement

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43
Q

John Fost Dulles

A

Secretary of State under Eisenhower

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44
Q

Liberation

A

Eisenhower’s continued policy of containment - more intimidation

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45
Q

Massive retalliation

A

Eisenhower policy of using nuclear weapons to attack SU

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46
Q

Deterrence

A

Eisenhower policy that described how Soviet fear of massive retaliation would prevent their challenging the US and led to an arms race

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47
Q

Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)

A

mere knowledge of it prevented either SU or US from deploying nuclear weapons

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48
Q

Brinksmanship

A

allowing confrontations with SU to escalate towards war,, attacking the enemy until they can’t fight back

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49
Q

Domino theory

A

Eisenhower policy that spread of communism had to be checked in SE Asia because if SV fell, surrounding nations would too

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50
Q

Nikita Khrushchev

A

new Soviet leader after Stalin’s death – hope:

  • denounced totalitarianism
  • called for peaceful coexistence
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51
Q

Tensions remained between US and SU

A

Nikita Khrushchev seen as weak –> rebellions in Poland and Hungary –> crushed and continued bad relations

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52
Q

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

A

created after Soviet advances in nuclear arms development (hydrogen bomb) and space flight (Sputnik)

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53
Q

Quemoy and Matsu

A

Taiwan islands used as bases for commando raids on communists –> China bombed
–> Eisenhower declared US would defend islands strongly and hinted nuclear attack

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54
Q

Third World

A

Countries in Africa, Asia, and South America who broke free of European domination after WWII

potential markets and raw materials = US and SU want them in their spheres

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55
Q

Nationalism

A

advocacy for political independence which swept through Third World

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56
Q

Third World reluctance for long term alliance

A

US:

  • distrust and resentment of wealth
  • racist legacy

SU:
-dominated E Europe and had little interest in close relations

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57
Q

Aswan Dam (1956 Egypt)

A

US tried offering foreign aid to Egypt to help build the dam (to gain ally)
–> Nasser suspicious and turned to SU for aid

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58
Q

Suez Canal (1956)

A

Israel invaded Egypt, and then B and F invaded to take back control of the canal
–> Eisenhower forced B and F to withdraw

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59
Q

CIA covert operations

A

forceful method of increasing influence abroad:

  • newspapers reported disinformation in US favor
  • bribed politicians

–> overthrew govts of Iran and Guatemala, and tried to assassinate Fidel Castro

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60
Q

Election of 1960

A

(R) Richard Nixon vs (D) John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson

both campaigned against communism –> Kennedy won

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61
Q

Military-industrial complex

A

Eisenhower warned of combination military might + profitable arms industries creates powerful alliance whose interest did not correspond to those of public

62
Q

1960s

A

hope-filled era:

  • young, ambitious Kennedy
  • New frontier
  • -> divided America on Vietnam war and civil rights
63
Q

Kennedy’s Cold War policy

A

perceived SU and communism as major threats to security of US

64
Q

Cuba

A

pro-US dictator overthrown by communist Fidel Castro

  • -> nationalized US property
  • -> Castro - SU treaty
  • -> Eisenhower imposed partial trade embargo
  • -> Eisenhower broke diplomatic relations
  • -> stronger Castro-SU alliance
65
Q

Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961)

A

Kennedy approved CIA plan to send trained Cuban exiles to invade Cuba and cause revolution against Castro

  • -> did not provide adequate military support
  • -> failed and antagonized SU and allies
66
Q

Berlin Wall

A

built by SU to prevent East Germans from leaving the country

symbolic significance: repressive nature of communism and physical reminder of Cold War divide

67
Q

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

A

US spy planes detected SU missile sites in Cuba and ordered they be removed –> imposed naval quarantine and announced on TV –> since public, SU demanded US not invade Cuba and remove missiles in Turkey –> agreed and made it appear US won

68
Q

Peace Corps

A

mission to provide teachers and specialists in agriculture, health care, transportation, and communications to the Third World in hopes of them adopting US progress – nation building

–> successes but conflict humanitarian goals vs govt foreign policy and resentment of US style

69
Q

New Frontier

A

Kennedy’s reform program: legislation that increased unemployment benefits, expanded Social Security, increased minimum wage, and aided farmers

70
Q

Kennedy and women’s rights

A
  • pres commission that recommended removing all female obstacles
  • Equal Pay Act 1963
71
Q

Equal Pay Act (1963)

A

required all men and women be paid equally for equal work

–> loophole by changing job titles

72
Q

James Meredith

A

Kennedy enforced desegregation of University and Alabama and University of Mississippi for first integrated student

73
Q

Civil Rights Act of 1964

A

proposed by Kennedy and passed by Johnson: outlawed discrimination based on a person’s race, color religion, or gender

most comprehensive piece of civil rights legislation

74
Q

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

A

led by MLK which staged peaceful demonstrations

75
Q

Freedom Riders

A

organized by Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) which staged sit-ins on buses

76
Q

Student Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

A

did grassroots work in areas of voter registration and antisegregationist activism

77
Q

Medgar Evars

A

NAACP leader who was shot to death by anti-integrationist

78
Q

resistance to civil rights movement

A

assaults by police and fire department

–> reports + Kennedy’s death horrified US and bostered movement

79
Q

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

A

passed by Johnson to enforce employment clause of Civil Rights act

80
Q

Voting Rights act of 1965

A

passed by Johnson which attacked states who denied blacks the right to vote

81
Q

Economic Opportunity Act

A

Johnson passed which gave $1b for poverty relief

82
Q

Johnson’s War on Poverty

A
  • Project Head Start (prepared underprivileged children for school)
  • Upward Bound (for HS students)
  • Job Corps (trained unskilled)
  • Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA) (domestic peace corps)
  • Legal Services for the Poor (legal council)
  • Dept of Housing and Urban Development
  • Medicare and Medicaid
83
Q

Great Society

A

Johnson’s social agenda

84
Q

The Warren Court (1960s)

A
  • worked to enforce voting rights for blacks
  • forced states to redraw congressional districts so minorities can receive greater representation
  • prohibited school prayer
  • protected right to privacy
85
Q

Gideon v. Wainwright

A

SC ruled that defendant in a felony trial must be provided a lawyer for free if he/she cannot afford one

86
Q

Miranda v. Arizona

A

SC ruled that, upon arrest, a suspect must be advised of his or her right to remain silent and to consult with a lawyer

87
Q

Resistance to Warren court

A
  • police attacks (Selma and Birmingham)
  • Klu Klux Klan
  • 3 killed in Mississippi
88
Q

Nation of Islam

A

Malcolm X urged blacks to claim their rights by “any means necessary” (autobiography)

89
Q

Black Power

A

new radical program for civil rights movement - SNCC, CORE, Black Panthers

90
Q

Effects of MLK’s assassination

A

movement fragmented: integration and peaceful change vs empowerment through self-imposed segregation and aggression

91
Q

The New Left

A

combination of progressive student groups formed from Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) with the Port Huron Statement

ideals: elimination of poverty and racism, end to Cold War politics

92
Q

Free Speech Movement

A

expanded from 1964 student protests at Uni of CA at Berkeley when uni banned civil rights and antiwar demonstrations

93
Q

Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique

A

openly challenged people’s assumptions about women’s place in society

94
Q

National Organization for Women (NOW)

A

fought for legislative changes - failed Equal Rights Amendment

95
Q

Gay Liberation

A
  • Stonewall riot

- Gay Pride parades

96
Q

Roe v. Wade (1973)

A

enabled women to obtain abortions in all 50 states within the first trimester
–> controversial

97
Q

Griswold v. Connecticut

A

established precedent for a constitutional right to privacy

98
Q

Counterculture

A

rebellion against “the establishment”, nonconformity: hippies (long hair, shabby clothes, drugs, “free love”)

99
Q

Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring

A

blew the whistle on the widespread use of the chemical pesticide DDT, leading to its eventual ban

100
Q

Clean Air Act of 1955

A

first law to control the use of airborne contaminants

101
Q

Beatnikes

A

Beat Movement of the 1950s challenged conservativism of Eisenhower era by publishing works championing bohemian lifestyles, drug use, and nontraditional art –> inspired hippies

102
Q

Origins of US involvement in Vietnam

A

Until WWII, Vietnam was French colony –> exploitation of resources led to rise of Vietminh resistance led by Ho Chi Minh –> Wilson ignored Ho’s appeal for self-determination in 14 points

Japan invaded Vietnam during WWII and ended French control –> V helped defeat Japan –> drafted Vietnamese Declaration of Independence
–> US refused to recognize and recognized Bao Dai (emperor in S under F control)

–> F defeated in Battle of Dien Bien Phu (Truman aided F)

103
Q

Geneva Accord (1954)

A

-divided Vietnam on 17th parallel with communism in North and democracy in South –> elections held in 2 years for unified country

104
Q

Ngo Dinh Diem

A

South Vietnamese leader allied with the US

105
Q

US sabotage of Geneva Accords

A

US feared Ho would win the election and allied with Diem and provoked communist attack

106
Q

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)

A

US rallied B, F, Thailand, Pakistan, Philippines, New Zealand, and Australia to provide for SV’s defense against communism

107
Q

Opposition to Diem

A

despotic control of SV: imprisoned enemies, persecuted Buddhist monks, and closed critical newspapers

108
Q

Vietcong

A

South Vietnamese citizens who joined NV out of opposition to Diem

109
Q

Green Berets

A

military advisors sent by Pres Kennedy to Kietnam

110
Q

Fall of Diem (1963)

A

CIA helped SV military stage coup to overthrow Diem –> killed Diem and his brother

–> Kennedy assassinated and Johnson took over

111
Q

Johnson’s involvement in Vietnam

A

had the opportunity to withdraw, but Kennedy’s advisors convinced him that US forces could overwhelm any opposition
–> remained committed to using forces to achieve “total victory”

112
Q

Gulf of Tonkin

A

it was reported that NV had fired on two American destroyer ships - never confirmed

113
Q

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

A

Allowed president to take any measures he deemed necessary to protect American interests in the region
–> Johnson increased participation (basically declaration of war)

114
Q

“Operation Rolling Thunder”

A

Johnson authorized massive Air Force bombing raids on NV that lasted for weeks: dropped Agent Orange and Napalm = destruction of jungles

115
Q

Americanization of Vietnam War

A

Johnson essentially took over Vietnam war from SV

–> increased opposition to draft

116
Q

Tet Offensive (1968)

A

launched by NV - inflicted damage on US forces and almost captured SV capital Saigon
–> turning point in US confidence and realized underestimated NV

117
Q

My Lai Massacre (1968)

A

US soldiers becoming frustrated began to act unspeakably: abused innocent SV civilians thought to be apart of the Viet Cong
–> outrage and protests

118
Q

Election of 1968

A

Johnson withdrew from presidential race

conservative Richard Nixon won

119
Q

assassination of MLK (April 1968)

A

killed by white assassin –> civil unrest

120
Q

Robert Kennedy

A

Democratic nominee for 1968 Election, bastion of hope, advocate for poor and critic of war –> assassinated

121
Q

1968 Democratic convention

A

Americans protested outside –> police ordered to break up crowds forcefully –> outrage

–> nominated pro-war Hubert Humphrey

122
Q

George Wallace

A

third candidate in 1968 election - segregationist campaign = popular in South

123
Q

Conservative resurgence of 1970s

A

Many eager to bring back traditional values - dismayed by new movements, alarmed by costs of social welfare programs, religious distrusted rejection of traditional morals, Southerners resisted civil rights
–> Nixon appealed to them - reverse encroaching federal power

124
Q

Phyllis Schlafly

A

lobbied against the Equal Rights Amendment - claimed it would lead to conscription of women into war, negatively affect women in divorce cases, and allow men into women’s-only colleges

125
Q

Vietnamization

A

Nixon promised to end US involvement in Vietnam by turning war over to SV

126
Q

Nixon and Vietnam War

A

War vet = US must win war:

  • began withdrawing troops
  • increased intensity of air strikes
  • ordered bombings of Cambodia
127
Q

Henry Kissinger

A

Secretary of State under Nixon who completed negotiations for peace treaty with NV

128
Q

Post-peace negotiations Vietnam (1975)

A

As US troops began vacating, NV launched attack on SV –> Saigon fell –> Vietnam united over communist rule

129
Q

War Powers Resolution 1973

A

passed by Congress to prevent future president from involving the military in another undeclared war

required president to obtain congressional approval for any troop commitment lasting longer than 60 days

130
Q

Nixon and SU

A

Nixon increased trade with SU and negotiated arms treaties

131
Q

Nixon and China

A

Nixon traveled to China which eased tensions = opened trade and use as leverage against SU

132
Q

Detente

A

Nixon’s policy of “openness” that called for countries to respect each other’s differences and cooperate more closely
–> brief period of relaxed tensions but ended when SU invaded Afghanistan

133
Q

Nixon Doctrine

A

announced that the US would withdraw from many of its overseas troop commitments, relying instead on alliances with local govts to check spread of communism

134
Q

Economy under Nixon

A

Economy worsened: stagflation (combined recession-inflation) –> none of his efforts helped

135
Q

Kent State University

A

heightened political tensions with national guardsmen shot and killed four protesters at the school who were protesting US decision to invade Vietcong camps in neutral Cambodia
–> division between youth and middle America

136
Q

Pentagon Papers (1971)

A

newspapers published a top-secret govt study of the history of US involvement in Vietnam: documented numerous military miscalculations and lies govt had told the public
–> Nixon fought aggressively to prevent publication (US currently involved in secret negotiations with NV, SU, and China and feared destroying credibility)

137
Q

Plumbers

A

A team of investigators put together by Nixon after he failed to suppress the Pentagon Papers: undertook disgraceful projects such as burglarizing a psychiatrist’s office to father information on Daniel Ellsberg

138
Q

Watergate Hotel

A

During 1972 elections, the plumbers sabotaged campaigns of Democrats and botched burglary of democratic headquarters in Watergate Hotel

139
Q

Watergate hearings

A

information was slowly revealed that incriminated pres closest advisors –> discovered secret tapes of Nixon’s conversations –> Senate demanded and Nixon refused and claimed executive privilege

140
Q

Nixon’s resignation

A

lost battle with the tapes and resigned instead of face impeachment proceedings

141
Q

General Ford

A

took office after Nixon’s resignation and pardoned Nixon

142
Q

Spiro Agnew

A

Nixon’s first vp who had resigned in face of impending criminal charges –> replaced by Gerald Ford

143
Q

Ford and the economy

A

Weak economy: oil embargo organized by Arab nations under OPEC increased fuel prices
–> inflation = unemployment

144
Q

Jimmy Carter

A

elected in 1976 after Ford’s declining popularity

145
Q

Carter and the economy

A

inherited weak economy: increased inflation + slow economic growth = worsened stagflation
–> failed to balance budget

146
Q

Department of Energy

A

created by Carter to oversee research of alternative power sources - debate over use of nuclear power

147
Q

Three Mile Island

A

where a Pennsylvania nuclear power plant failed which released radioactive materials into the atmosphere
–> reinforced opponents of nuclear power

148
Q

Peace agreement between Israel and Egypt

A

President Carter personally invited leaders of Israel and Egypt to Camp David and brokered agreement

149
Q

Israel-Egypt conflict

A

Began when Israel declared independence in 1948 and was besieged by hostile Arab neighbors –> heightened during Six Day War when Israel took control of Sinai Peninsula

150
Q

Sandinista government

A

the revolutionary government of Nicaragua whom Carter befriended –> turned against them when they allied with SU and Cuba

151
Q

Carter and Iran

A

American hostages were taken in retaliation for America’s support of repressive Shah –> released only after Reagan took office

152
Q

Carter and Panama

A

negotiated treaty that gave Panama control of the Canal zone

APUSH vocabulary (8 decks)

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