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APUSH vocabulary > Unit 4: Beginnings of Modern American Democracy (1800-1848) > Flashcards

Unit 4: Beginnings of Modern American Democracy (1800-1848) Flashcards

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1
Q

Election of 1800

A

Dem-Rep nominee: Thomas Jefferson vs Aaron Burr –> Jefferson won

1st peaceful transfer of power

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2
Q

Twelfth Amendment

A

allowed electors to vote for a party ticket; implemented after the election of 1800

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3
Q

Midnight appointments

A

before Jefferson took presidency, out of spite Adams filled as many government positions with Federalists as possible
–> Jefferson refused to recognize and began replacing them –> lawsuits

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4
Q

Marbury v. Madison

A

lawsuit in response to Jefferson’s refusal to accept Adams’s midnight appointments

William Marbury sued Secretary of State James Madison for refusing to certify his appointment –> Chief Justice John Marshall determined that Marbury had right to judgeship but could not enforce it and determined the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional

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5
Q

judicial review

A

reviewing the constitutionality of Congressional Acts - given to the Judicial Branch

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6
Q

Louisiana Purchase

A

Spain gave New Orleans to the French –> restricted US trade along Mississippi River
–> Jeffersent Monroe to France to buy New Orleans

Napolean preparing for war with Europe and fighting Haitian slave revolt = abandon interests in the New World –> sold whole Louisiana Territory

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7
Q

dilemma with the Louisiana Purchase

A

the Constitution did not authorize the president to purchase land –> Jefferson claimed presidential power to negotiate treaties with foreign nations

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8
Q

Essex Junto

A

England Federalists who opposed the Louisiana Purchase because they feared that more Western states would be more Democratic, and they would lose political power

Planned to secede from the union

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9
Q

Quids

A

Republicans led by John Randolph of Virginia who criticized Jefferson for violating Republican principles

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10
Q

Lewis and Clark

A

sent by Jefferson to investigate the western territories. Led by Sacajawea and a Shoshini guide
–> favorable reports = increased pioneers

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11
Q

Election of 1804

A

Jefferson reelected

Burr ran for governor of new York, and Hamilton campaigned against him –> Burr lost and killed Hamilton in a duel

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12
Q

War of 1812

A

Britain vs France

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13
Q

Beginning of the War of 1812

A

Britain and France in stalemate - blockaded each other and the British began stopping US ships and impressing sailors
–> Britain attacked US ship on US waters —> Jefferson responded with boycott

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14
Q

Embargo Act of 1807

A

passed by Jefferson - shut down America’s import and export business
–> New England’s economy collapsed, and smuggling spread

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15
Q

Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

A

reopened trade with most nations, but still banned trade with Britain and France

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16
Q

Election of 1808

A

Jefferson endorsed James Madison who won

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17
Q

Macon’s Bill No. 2

A

Madison’s solution to America’s trade problems - reopened trade with France and England but if one stopped trade with US, the US would stop trade with the other

  • -> increased Britain attacks = pro-war sentiments in US
  • -> Madison declared war 1812
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18
Q

Southern and Western War Hawks

A

anxious for British confrontations - saw war as an opportunities to grab new territories to the west and southwest (Canada

led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun

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19
Q

Native Americans in the War of 1812

A

Native Americans allied with the British - chief Tecumseh unified tribes to stop American expansion and were armed by the British in the earlier battle of Tippecanoe. Tecumseh’s brother Tenskwatawa (the Prophet) led a revival of traditional Native American culture and religion

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20
Q

Battle of New Orleans

A

fought by Andrew Jackson, unaware that Britain was negotiating peace after French hostilities ended. Only clear US victory

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21
Q

Hartford Convention

A

Federalists, opposed to the war because it disrupted trade, met to consider overhaul of Constitution or secession - considered traitors and the party dissolved

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22
Q

effects of the War of 1812

A
  • end of Native American ability to stop US expansion
  • US economy less reliant on trade with Britain
  • made Andrew Jackson a celebrity
  • New Orleans victory –> euphoria
  • destroyed Federalists
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23
Q

American System

A

lobbied by Henry Clay, implemented by Madison:

  • protective tariffs
  • improvements to interstate roads (National road)
  • rechartered the National Bank
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24
Q

Era of Good Feelings

A

one political party (no Federalists) - unity but growing tensions from economic development and increased sectionalism

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25
Q

McCulloch v. Maryland

A

states could not tax the National Bank - precedent of national law over state law and reaffirmed supremacy clause

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26
Q

Panic of 1819

A

caused by economic growth, inflation, and land speculation which destabilized the economy

borrowers couldn’t pay loans to National Bank –> business failures
–> poverty

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27
Q

Adams-Onis Treaty

A

in exchange for Florida, the US would never try to take actions to gain Spanish-held Mexico

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28
Q

Monroe Doctrine (John Quincy Adams)

A

a policy of mutual noninterference between US + west hemisphere and Europe. claimed US right to intervene anywhere in its own hemisphere

wanted US to assert its authority in western hemisphere in response to revolutions in Central and Southern America

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29
Q

Missouri Compromise

A

Missouri wanting statehood = debate over slavery - 11 states allowed, 11 prohibited

  1. Missouri is slave state
  2. Maine admitted as free
  3. drew line along 36 degrees 30’ parallel
  4. established southern border of Missouri as the northernmost point of allowed slavery
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30
Q

Election of 1824

A

congressional caucuses –> people choosing presidential electors directly

John Quincy Adams won

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31
Q

corrupt bargain

A

John Quincy Adams appointed Henry Clay, who had helped him win the election, to secretary of state. Believed this was corrupt
–> steep opposition to Adams - was a Federalist, favored strong fed govt

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32
Q

Democratic party

A

a coalition of people put together by Andrew Jackson after losing the 1824 election

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33
Q

Election of 1828

A

vicious campaign Jackson vs Adams: accused and insulted each other (Coffin Handbill)

Jackson won - first pres not from Virginia, outsider

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34
Q

spoils system

A

trading jobs for political favors - practiced by Jackson who replaced govt officials with his supporters

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35
Q

Jacksonian democracy

A

benefited from universal white manhood suffrage, strong presidency, not a coherent vision of how a government should function (saw themselves as champions of liberty)

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36
Q

Jeffersonian republicanism

A

nation governed by middle and upper class, favored states’ rights, nation of yeoman farmers

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37
Q

Indian Removal Act

A

Passed by Jackson against the Cherokees - continuation of policy towards Native Americans

The Cherokees were a well developed and civilized tribe, but when gold was found in Georgia, the citizens demanded that they follow the Indian Removal Act and relocate to Oklahoma
–> Cherokees refused

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38
Q

Trail of Tears

A

the forced movement of Cherokees to Oklahoma

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39
Q

Tariff of Abominations

A

passed during Jackson’s admin - cut into trade with Britain which the South relied on to sell its cotton and buy British wools
–> South Carolina nullified

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40
Q

Force Bill

A

Passed by Jackson in response to SC nullifying the Tariff of Abominations, threatening to call in troops to enforce the tariff
–> nullified after John Calhoun and Henry Clay brokered a compromise

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41
Q

Jackson’s economic policies

A

distrust of big government and Northeastern power brokers, focused on “downsizing” the govt and strengthening the president, against reform movement

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42
Q

Second Bank of the United States (BUS)

A

Jackson failed it by vetoing Congress’s attempt to recharter it and by withdrawing federal funds and depositing them in “pet banks”

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43
Q

Specie circular

A

ended the policy of selling government land on credit - Jackson was suspicious of paper money and preferred hard currency

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44
Q

Panic of 1837

A

caused by Johnson’s Specie Circular which caused a money shortage

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45
Q

Nat Turner’s Rebellion

A

Turner had a vision and believed that it was a sign from God that the black liberation movement would succeed –> rallied gang and killed whites

46
Q

slave codes

A

restrictive laws passed against blacks after increase of slave revolts

47
Q

Whigs

A

a loose coalition who opposed democratic policies: believed in government activism, deeply religious

48
Q

Martin Van Buren

A

president after Jackson - continued Jackson’s policy of favoring hard currency
–> not reelected

49
Q

William Henry Harrison

A

first Whig president in 1941 and died of pneumonia a month after taking office

50
Q

John Tyler

A

assumed presidency after Harrison - championed states’ rights, vetoed Whig bills

“president without a party”

51
Q

market economy

A

people trade their labor or goods for cash, which they then use to buy other people’s labor or goods, favor those who specialize
–> makes farmers depended on market for necessities

developments in manufacturing transitioned from crops for subsistence and cash transactions to market economy

52
Q

boom-and-bust cycles

A

market economies are prone to change and many factors can stop prosperity and cause panics

53
Q

Eli Whitney’s advances that created a stronger national economy

A

the cotton gin and interchangeable parts

–> machine tool industry –> assembly line production

54
Q

Textile industry

A

advances in machine technology + embargo on British goods = increased production

first power loom –> manufacturers could produce both thread and fabric on their own

–> clothing manufacturers, retailers, brokers, commercial banks, and transportation industry

55
Q

Samuel Slater

A

“Father of the American Industrial Revolution”, designed the first US textile mills

56
Q

Lowell System

A

created to entice workers because of a labor shortage - guaranteed housing, cash wages, and social events

57
Q

Labor unions

A

organized as working conditions deteriorated - strong opposition but they succeeded

58
Q

National Road

A

From Maryland to West Virginia - made east-west travel easier

59
Q

Eerie Canal

A

linked Great Lakes region to New York and European shipping routes

  • -> North became center of commerce
  • -> canal era ended with railroads
60
Q

steamships

A

invented with the steam engine, traveled faster than sailing vessels

61
Q

Railroad

A

initially connected two cities –> problems with width/gauge –> slow progress –> govt paid for

62
Q

Communication

A

telegraph and Morse code

63
Q

Farming

A
  • remained the most common source of livelihood
  • revolutionized by mechanization - mechanical plow, sower, reaper, cotton gin
  • market economy
64
Q

Farming in the North

A

difficult:

  • rocky terrain unsuitable for not machines
  • over-farmed = poor soil
  • began raising livestock and growing fruits and veggies
  • many left to cities
65
Q

Farming in the midwest

A
  • source of grains
  • land adaptable to machines
  • banks
  • trade routs = access to markets
  • difficult during panic
66
Q

Farming in the South

A
  • focused on cotton and tobacco

- most owned small farms without slaves

67
Q

Manifest Destiny

A

belief that America had a God-given right to the Western territories - argued that Canada and Mexico should be annexed

68
Q

Westward Expansion

A

dangerous - cold and belonged to Native Americans

69
Q

Texas

A

became independent with Mexico:

  • liberal land policies to entice settlers who become Mexican citizens –> ignored and continued slavery
  • -> settlers rebelled and declared independence (Battle at the Alamo)
  • -> Republic of Texas
70
Q

Oregon Territory

A

settlers traveled on the Oregon trail to Oregon - faced Native Americans, British, and Russians
–> Polk settled dispute with treaty with England

71
Q

California

A

new destination of Oregon Trail - Gold Rush

–> most people settled and didn’t find gold - hospitable for agriculture and access to trade centers

72
Q

Sectional strife

A

difference developments and arguments between the North, South, and West

73
Q

North

A

industrialized:

  • advances in communications, transportation, industry, and banking
  • little farming
  • little legal slavery
74
Q

South

A

agrarian:

  • tobacco and cotton
  • looked West for more land
  • protect slavery
  • few urban centers = isolation
  • family and church
  • limited infrastructure
  • wealthiest formed aristrocracy of plantation owners
75
Q

West

A
  • economic interests rooted in commercial farming, fur trapping, and real-estate speculation
  • distrusted North - banks could take land away
  • wanted to avoid slavery issue
  • hospitable to grain and dairy farming – mechanical and transportation advances
  • “bread basket”
  • fur traders, cattle ranchers, and miners
  • rugged life – climate and Native Americans
  • symbolized freedom
76
Q

Social history

A
  • cotton gin + Industrial Revolution = increased reliance on slavery
  • increased middle class
  • bigger cities with large migrant and immigrant neighborhoods
  • Westward migration = new frontier culture
77
Q

Northern cities

A

North is industrial and commercial center = cities

Detriments:

  • lacked powerful government
  • modern waste disposal, plumbing, sewers
  • epidemics
  • riots –> police

Benefits:

  • jobs
  • opportunities for social advancement
  • growth of municipal governments = public schools
  • labor unions
  • leisure-time options
78
Q

Distribution of wealth

A

an elite few controlled most of the personal wealth and led lives of power and comfort - worse in South

79
Q

Middle class

A
  • tradesmen, brokers, and other professionals
  • plateau where women do not have to work
  • market for luxury goods
80
Q

cult of domesticity

A

notion that men should work while women kept the house and raised children = popular in magazines and novels that glorified home life

81
Q

working class

A
  • rose to middle class
  • men - worked low-paying factory jobs
  • women - worked at home
  • domestic servants
  • just above poverty
82
Q

poverty

A

recent immigrants from Ireland and Germany - faced hostility from those who feared job competition

83
Q

Southern paternalism

A

many slaveholders convinced themselves that slavery benefited everyone - perceived Blacks as childlike and unable to care for themselves
–>easier for blacks to be submissive

84
Q

Slave life

A
  • easier to act submissive
  • forced adoption of Christianity –> combined with African culture (voodoo)
  • state of subsistence poverty
  • overcrowded, unsanitary, long hours
  • fear of broken up family
  • subtle resistance rather than revolt
85
Q

yeomen

A

majority of landholders who had few slaves working small tracts of land with their families

grew subsistence crops, raised livestock, and some cash crops

86
Q

landless whites

A

tenant farmers or hired themselves out as manual laborers

87
Q

free blacks

A

most lived in the South, faced slave codes and prejudice, most were tenant farmers, mulattoes

88
Q

Forty-Niners

A

settlers drawn to California due to the Gold Rush

89
Q

Government and the west

A

the government encouraged settlers to move west - gave away large land to war vets and loaned money

90
Q

Squatters

A

ignored requirement to buy land and simply moved onto and appropriated an unoccupied tract as their own.

91
Q

Fur trading

A

commercial enterprise on the frontiers

called “over-mountain men” who were first pioneers in a region

hunted beavers to near extinction

92
Q

Second Great Awakening

A

period of religious revival with increased church membership

–> new religions (Mormons and Shakers), inspired social reform movements, and made women active

93
Q

Temperance societies

A

formed by women to encourage others to sign pledge to not drink, fought against gambling

94
Q

“The Female Moral Reform Society”

A

led movement against prostitution - rehabilitation

95
Q

Social welfare

A

notion that society is responsible for the welfare of its least fortunate – established penitentiaries (Dorothea Dix), asylums, and orphanages

96
Q

The Shakers

A

a utopian group that split off from the Quakers - believed church too interested in the world and too neglectful of afterlives

isolated in communities, almost equal women, celibacy

97
Q

Brook Farm

A

Utopian Transcendentalist community - nonconformist Unitarian writers and philosophers who drew inspiration from European romanticism

98
Q

Transcendentalism

A

believed that humans contained elements of the divine, and thus had a faith in perfectibility

Nathaniel Hawthorn and Henry David Thoreau

99
Q

Hudson River School Panters

A

first distinct school of American art - portrayed beauty of wilderness

100
Q

The Mormans

A

Joseph Smith founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day saints - preached acceptance of polygamy –> opposition –> Brigham Young led travel to Salt Lake Valley and transformed area and created community

101
Q

National Woman Suffrage Association

A

founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony to fight for women’s suffrage

102
Q

Horace Mann

A

pushed for public education and education reform - “normal school” for teacher training and standardized books

103
Q

American Colonization Society

A

sought to repatriate slaves to newly formed country of Liberia

gradual abolition of colonization

104
Q

The Abolitionist Movement

A
  • inspired by religious and moral fervor from Second Great Awakening
  • women played prominent role – Grimke systers
105
Q

White abolitionists

A

moderates and immediatists

106
Q

William Lloyd Garrison

A

white immediatist who published the Liberator and founded the American Anti-slavery Society

107
Q

Gag rule

A

adopted by Congress which automatically suppressed discussion of slavery and prevented new legislation pertaining to it

108
Q

David Walker

A

a free black whose Appeal to the Colored People of the World told all freed blacks to work to end slavery

109
Q

Frederick douglass

A

published newspaper The North Star, wrote the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass

110
Q

Harriet Tubman

A

helped slaves escape on through the underground railroad

111
Q

Sojourner Truth

A

campaigned for emancipation and women’s rights

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