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APUSH vocabulary > Unit 4: Beginnings of Modern American Democracy (1800-1848) > Flashcards

Unit 4: Beginnings of Modern American Democracy (1800-1848) Flashcards

1
Q

Election of 1800

A

Dem-Rep nominee: Thomas Jefferson vs Aaron Burr –> Jefferson won

1st peaceful transfer of power

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2
Q

Twelfth Amendment

A

allowed electors to vote for a party ticket; implemented after the election of 1800

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3
Q

Midnight appointments

A

before Jefferson took presidency, out of spite Adams filled as many government positions with Federalists as possible
–> Jefferson refused to recognize and began replacing them –> lawsuits

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4
Q

Marbury v. Madison

A

lawsuit in response to Jefferson’s refusal to accept Adams’s midnight appointments

William Marbury sued Secretary of State James Madison for refusing to certify his appointment –> Chief Justice John Marshall determined that Marbury had right to judgeship but could not enforce it and determined the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional

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5
Q

judicial review

A

reviewing the constitutionality of Congressional Acts - given to the Judicial Branch

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6
Q

Louisiana Purchase

A

Spain gave New Orleans to the French –> restricted US trade along Mississippi River
–> Jeffersent Monroe to France to buy New Orleans

Napolean preparing for war with Europe and fighting Haitian slave revolt = abandon interests in the New World –> sold whole Louisiana Territory

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7
Q

dilemma with the Louisiana Purchase

A

the Constitution did not authorize the president to purchase land –> Jefferson claimed presidential power to negotiate treaties with foreign nations

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8
Q

Essex Junto

A

England Federalists who opposed the Louisiana Purchase because they feared that more Western states would be more Democratic, and they would lose political power

Planned to secede from the union

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9
Q

Quids

A

Republicans led by John Randolph of Virginia who criticized Jefferson for violating Republican principles

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10
Q

Lewis and Clark

A

sent by Jefferson to investigate the western territories. Led by Sacajawea and a Shoshini guide
–> favorable reports = increased pioneers

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11
Q

Election of 1804

A

Jefferson reelected

Burr ran for governor of new York, and Hamilton campaigned against him –> Burr lost and killed Hamilton in a duel

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12
Q

War of 1812

A

Britain vs France

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13
Q

Beginning of the War of 1812

A

Britain and France in stalemate - blockaded each other and the British began stopping US ships and impressing sailors
–> Britain attacked US ship on US waters —> Jefferson responded with boycott

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14
Q

Embargo Act of 1807

A

passed by Jefferson - shut down America’s import and export business
–> New England’s economy collapsed, and smuggling spread

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15
Q

Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

A

reopened trade with most nations, but still banned trade with Britain and France

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16
Q

Election of 1808

A

Jefferson endorsed James Madison who won

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17
Q

Macon’s Bill No. 2

A

Madison’s solution to America’s trade problems - reopened trade with France and England but if one stopped trade with US, the US would stop trade with the other

  • -> increased Britain attacks = pro-war sentiments in US
  • -> Madison declared war 1812
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18
Q

Southern and Western War Hawks

A

anxious for British confrontations - saw war as an opportunities to grab new territories to the west and southwest (Canada

led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun

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19
Q

Native Americans in the War of 1812

A

Native Americans allied with the British - chief Tecumseh unified tribes to stop American expansion and were armed by the British in the earlier battle of Tippecanoe. Tecumseh’s brother Tenskwatawa (the Prophet) led a revival of traditional Native American culture and religion

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20
Q

Battle of New Orleans

A

fought by Andrew Jackson, unaware that Britain was negotiating peace after French hostilities ended. Only clear US victory

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21
Q

Hartford Convention

A

Federalists, opposed to the war because it disrupted trade, met to consider overhaul of Constitution or secession - considered traitors and the party dissolved

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22
Q

effects of the War of 1812

A
  • end of Native American ability to stop US expansion
  • US economy less reliant on trade with Britain
  • made Andrew Jackson a celebrity
  • New Orleans victory –> euphoria
  • destroyed Federalists
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23
Q

American System

A

lobbied by Henry Clay, implemented by Madison:

  • protective tariffs
  • improvements to interstate roads (National road)
  • rechartered the National Bank
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24
Q

Era of Good Feelings

A

one political party (no Federalists) - unity but growing tensions from economic development and increased sectionalism

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25
McCulloch v. Maryland
states could not tax the National Bank - precedent of national law over state law and reaffirmed supremacy clause
26
Panic of 1819
caused by economic growth, inflation, and land speculation which destabilized the economy borrowers couldn't pay loans to National Bank --> business failures --> poverty
27
Adams-Onis Treaty
in exchange for Florida, the US would never try to take actions to gain Spanish-held Mexico
28
Monroe Doctrine (John Quincy Adams)
a policy of mutual noninterference between US + west hemisphere and Europe. claimed US right to intervene anywhere in its own hemisphere wanted US to assert its authority in western hemisphere in response to revolutions in Central and Southern America
29
Missouri Compromise
Missouri wanting statehood = debate over slavery - 11 states allowed, 11 prohibited 1. Missouri is slave state 2. Maine admitted as free 3. drew line along 36 degrees 30' parallel 4. established southern border of Missouri as the northernmost point of allowed slavery
30
Election of 1824
congressional caucuses --> people choosing presidential electors directly John Quincy Adams won
31
corrupt bargain
John Quincy Adams appointed Henry Clay, who had helped him win the election, to secretary of state. Believed this was corrupt --> steep opposition to Adams - was a Federalist, favored strong fed govt
32
Democratic party
a coalition of people put together by Andrew Jackson after losing the 1824 election
33
Election of 1828
vicious campaign Jackson vs Adams: accused and insulted each other (Coffin Handbill) Jackson won - first pres not from Virginia, outsider
34
spoils system
trading jobs for political favors - practiced by Jackson who replaced govt officials with his supporters
35
Jacksonian democracy
benefited from universal white manhood suffrage, strong presidency, not a coherent vision of how a government should function (saw themselves as champions of liberty)
36
Jeffersonian republicanism
nation governed by middle and upper class, favored states' rights, nation of yeoman farmers
37
Indian Removal Act
Passed by Jackson against the Cherokees - continuation of policy towards Native Americans The Cherokees were a well developed and civilized tribe, but when gold was found in Georgia, the citizens demanded that they follow the Indian Removal Act and relocate to Oklahoma --> Cherokees refused
38
Trail of Tears
the forced movement of Cherokees to Oklahoma
39
Tariff of Abominations
passed during Jackson's admin - cut into trade with Britain which the South relied on to sell its cotton and buy British wools --> South Carolina nullified
40
Force Bill
Passed by Jackson in response to SC nullifying the Tariff of Abominations, threatening to call in troops to enforce the tariff --> nullified after John Calhoun and Henry Clay brokered a compromise
41
Jackson's economic policies
distrust of big government and Northeastern power brokers, focused on "downsizing" the govt and strengthening the president, against reform movement
42
Second Bank of the United States (BUS)
Jackson failed it by vetoing Congress's attempt to recharter it and by withdrawing federal funds and depositing them in "pet banks"
43
Specie circular
ended the policy of selling government land on credit - Jackson was suspicious of paper money and preferred hard currency
44
Panic of 1837
caused by Johnson's Specie Circular which caused a money shortage
45
Nat Turner's Rebellion
Turner had a vision and believed that it was a sign from God that the black liberation movement would succeed --> rallied gang and killed whites
46
slave codes
restrictive laws passed against blacks after increase of slave revolts
47
Whigs
a loose coalition who opposed democratic policies: believed in government activism, deeply religious
48
Martin Van Buren
president after Jackson - continued Jackson's policy of favoring hard currency --> not reelected
49
William Henry Harrison
first Whig president in 1941 and died of pneumonia a month after taking office
50
John Tyler
assumed presidency after Harrison - championed states' rights, vetoed Whig bills "president without a party"
51
market economy
people trade their labor or goods for cash, which they then use to buy other people's labor or goods, favor those who specialize --> makes farmers depended on market for necessities developments in manufacturing transitioned from crops for subsistence and cash transactions to market economy
52
boom-and-bust cycles
market economies are prone to change and many factors can stop prosperity and cause panics
53
Eli Whitney's advances that created a stronger national economy
the cotton gin and interchangeable parts | --> machine tool industry --> assembly line production
54
Textile industry
advances in machine technology + embargo on British goods = increased production first power loom --> manufacturers could produce both thread and fabric on their own --> clothing manufacturers, retailers, brokers, commercial banks, and transportation industry
55
Samuel Slater
"Father of the American Industrial Revolution", designed the first US textile mills
56
Lowell System
created to entice workers because of a labor shortage - guaranteed housing, cash wages, and social events
57
Labor unions
organized as working conditions deteriorated - strong opposition but they succeeded
58
National Road
From Maryland to West Virginia - made east-west travel easier
59
Eerie Canal
linked Great Lakes region to New York and European shipping routes - -> North became center of commerce - -> canal era ended with railroads
60
steamships
invented with the steam engine, traveled faster than sailing vessels
61
Railroad
initially connected two cities --> problems with width/gauge --> slow progress --> govt paid for
62
Communication
telegraph and Morse code
63
Farming
- remained the most common source of livelihood - revolutionized by mechanization - mechanical plow, sower, reaper, cotton gin - market economy
64
Farming in the North
difficult: - rocky terrain unsuitable for not machines - over-farmed = poor soil - began raising livestock and growing fruits and veggies - many left to cities
65
Farming in the midwest
- source of grains - land adaptable to machines - banks - trade routs = access to markets - difficult during panic
66
Farming in the South
- focused on cotton and tobacco | - most owned small farms without slaves
67
Manifest Destiny
belief that America had a God-given right to the Western territories - argued that Canada and Mexico should be annexed
68
Westward Expansion
dangerous - cold and belonged to Native Americans
69
Texas
became independent with Mexico: - liberal land policies to entice settlers who become Mexican citizens --> ignored and continued slavery - -> settlers rebelled and declared independence (Battle at the Alamo) - -> Republic of Texas
70
Oregon Territory
settlers traveled on the Oregon trail to Oregon - faced Native Americans, British, and Russians --> Polk settled dispute with treaty with England
71
California
new destination of Oregon Trail - Gold Rush | --> most people settled and didn't find gold - hospitable for agriculture and access to trade centers
72
Sectional strife
difference developments and arguments between the North, South, and West
73
North
industrialized: - advances in communications, transportation, industry, and banking - little farming - little legal slavery
74
South
agrarian: - tobacco and cotton - looked West for more land - protect slavery - few urban centers = isolation - family and church - limited infrastructure - wealthiest formed aristrocracy of plantation owners
75
West
- economic interests rooted in commercial farming, fur trapping, and real-estate speculation - distrusted North - banks could take land away - wanted to avoid slavery issue - hospitable to grain and dairy farming -- mechanical and transportation advances - "bread basket" - fur traders, cattle ranchers, and miners - rugged life -- climate and Native Americans - symbolized freedom
76
Social history
- cotton gin + Industrial Revolution = increased reliance on slavery - increased middle class - bigger cities with large migrant and immigrant neighborhoods - Westward migration = new frontier culture
77
Northern cities
North is industrial and commercial center = cities Detriments: - lacked powerful government - modern waste disposal, plumbing, sewers - epidemics - riots --> police Benefits: - jobs - opportunities for social advancement - growth of municipal governments = public schools - labor unions - leisure-time options
78
Distribution of wealth
an elite few controlled most of the personal wealth and led lives of power and comfort - worse in South
79
Middle class
- tradesmen, brokers, and other professionals - plateau where women do not have to work - market for luxury goods
80
cult of domesticity
notion that men should work while women kept the house and raised children = popular in magazines and novels that glorified home life
81
working class
- rose to middle class - men - worked low-paying factory jobs - women - worked at home - domestic servants - just above poverty
82
poverty
recent immigrants from Ireland and Germany - faced hostility from those who feared job competition
83
Southern paternalism
many slaveholders convinced themselves that slavery benefited everyone - perceived Blacks as childlike and unable to care for themselves -->easier for blacks to be submissive
84
Slave life
- easier to act submissive - forced adoption of Christianity --> combined with African culture (voodoo) - state of subsistence poverty - overcrowded, unsanitary, long hours - fear of broken up family - subtle resistance rather than revolt
85
yeomen
majority of landholders who had few slaves working small tracts of land with their families grew subsistence crops, raised livestock, and some cash crops
86
landless whites
tenant farmers or hired themselves out as manual laborers
87
free blacks
most lived in the South, faced slave codes and prejudice, most were tenant farmers, mulattoes
88
Forty-Niners
settlers drawn to California due to the Gold Rush
89
Government and the west
the government encouraged settlers to move west - gave away large land to war vets and loaned money
90
Squatters
ignored requirement to buy land and simply moved onto and appropriated an unoccupied tract as their own.
91
Fur trading
commercial enterprise on the frontiers called "over-mountain men" who were first pioneers in a region hunted beavers to near extinction
92
Second Great Awakening
period of religious revival with increased church membership | --> new religions (Mormons and Shakers), inspired social reform movements, and made women active
93
Temperance societies
formed by women to encourage others to sign pledge to not drink, fought against gambling
94
"The Female Moral Reform Society"
led movement against prostitution - rehabilitation
95
Social welfare
notion that society is responsible for the welfare of its least fortunate -- established penitentiaries (Dorothea Dix), asylums, and orphanages
96
The Shakers
a utopian group that split off from the Quakers - believed church too interested in the world and too neglectful of afterlives isolated in communities, almost equal women, celibacy
97
Brook Farm
Utopian Transcendentalist community - nonconformist Unitarian writers and philosophers who drew inspiration from European romanticism
98
Transcendentalism
believed that humans contained elements of the divine, and thus had a faith in perfectibility Nathaniel Hawthorn and Henry David Thoreau
99
Hudson River School Panters
first distinct school of American art - portrayed beauty of wilderness
100
The Mormans
Joseph Smith founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day saints - preached acceptance of polygamy --> opposition --> Brigham Young led travel to Salt Lake Valley and transformed area and created community
101
National Woman Suffrage Association
founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony to fight for women's suffrage
102
Horace Mann
pushed for public education and education reform - "normal school" for teacher training and standardized books
103
American Colonization Society
sought to repatriate slaves to newly formed country of Liberia gradual abolition of colonization
104
The Abolitionist Movement
- inspired by religious and moral fervor from Second Great Awakening - women played prominent role -- Grimke systers
105
White abolitionists
moderates and immediatists
106
William Lloyd Garrison
white immediatist who published the Liberator and founded the American Anti-slavery Society
107
Gag rule
adopted by Congress which automatically suppressed discussion of slavery and prevented new legislation pertaining to it
108
David Walker
a free black whose Appeal to the Colored People of the World told all freed blacks to work to end slavery
109
Frederick douglass
published newspaper The North Star, wrote the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass
110
Harriet Tubman
helped slaves escape on through the underground railroad
111
Sojourner Truth
campaigned for emancipation and women's rights

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