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APUSH vocabulary > Unit 1: Early Contact with the New World (1491-1607) and Unit 2: Colonization of North America (1607-1754) > Flashcards

Unit 1: Early Contact with the New World (1491-1607) and Unit 2: Colonization of North America (1607-1754) Flashcards

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1
Q

Pre-Columbian era

A

the period before Christopher Columbus’s arrival in the New World

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2
Q

North American population

A

Native Americans

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3
Q

Bering Strait

A

the water way that it was believed Native Americans migrated over when frozen

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4
Q

Native American lifestyle

A

nomadic, hunter-gatherers, organized urban capitals

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5
Q

Mesopotamian Native Americans

A

Aztecs (capital Tenochtitlan) and Maya

advances in astronomy, architecture, and art

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6
Q

Native Americans in United States territory

A

Pueblo people (stone houses), Chinook people (hunting and foraging), Plains Indians (nomads), and the Iroquois and Algonquian (first encountered Europeans, permanent agriculture)

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7
Q

Columbian Exchange

A

the exchange of plants, animals, foods, communicable, diseases and ideas between Europe and the Americas

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8
Q

Colony

A

a territory settled and controlled by a foreign power

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9
Q

Conquistadors

A

Spanish colonists who collected and exported as much of the area’s wealth as they could

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10
Q

Encomienda System

A

Spain granted colonists authority over a specified number of natives; the colonist was obliged to protect those natives and convert them to Catholicism, and in exchange, the colonist was entitled to those natives’ labor

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11
Q

Racial caste system

A
  1. Europeans
  2. Mestizos (European + Native)
  3. Zambos (African + Native American)
  4. Africans
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12
Q

Spanish Armada

A

Spain’s navy that kept other European powers from establishment in the New World

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13
Q

Small pox

A

an epidemic brought by Europeans to the New World that devastated 95% of the Native Americans population

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14
Q

Motivation for New World explorations

A

Christianity, desire for wealth and resources, and the race to play a dominant role in geopolitics

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15
Q

Sextant

A

a navigation technological improvement that made sailing more efficient

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16
Q

Joint-stock companies

A

corporate businesses with shareholders whose mission was to settle and develop lands in North America

British East India Company, Dutch East India Company, Virginia Company in Jamestown

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17
Q

European treatment of Native Americans

A

intermarriage, debate over peace and tolerance or dominance and enslavement, convert to Christianity, belief in European superiority

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18
Q

Spanish mission system

A

successful Spanish system to spread Catholicism in the new world (ex. Juan de Onate)

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19
Q

Slavery

A

increased colonization = purchasing African slaves

Caribbean and Brazil became permanent settlements for plantations

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20
Q

Voodoo

A

a blend between Christianity and tribal animism

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21
Q

Maroon people

A

escaped slavery and formed cultural enclaves

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22
Q

Haitian Revolution

A

slave uprising in Haiti

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23
Q

Arrival of English in the New World

A

sent large numbers of men and women, strained relationships with Indians, intermarriage rare, and rigid and hierarchical social classes

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24
Q

The Lost Colony on Roanoke Island

A

England’s first attempt at a New World settlement. Sponsored by Sir Walter Raleigh. Disappeared

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25
Q

Jamestown (1607)

A

funded by the Virginia Company
Settlers were ill suited to adjust to the New World
More interested in searching for gold
most died from starvation and disease

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26
Q

Captain John Smith

A

improved Jamestown by encouraging the people to work. Developed relationship with the Indians of the Powhatan Confederacy. Was injured in a gunpowder explosion and sailed back to England

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27
Q

Starving time

A

after John Smith returned to England and the Powhatan Confederacy stopped supplying Jamestown with food

90% died, resorted to cannibalism, survivors abandoned the colony by came by another ship with new settlers

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28
Q

John Rolfe

A

survivor of the starving time, married to Powhatan’s daughter Pocahontas, pioneered the practice of tobacco

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29
Q

Tobacco

A

pioneered by John Rolfe in Jamestown. Required vast acreage, depleted the soil, rapidly expanded Jamestown, lead to development of plantation slavery

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30
Q

Chesapeake

A

comprises Virginia and Maryland, came for financial reasons:

overpopulation in England –> famine, disease, and poverty

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31
Q

Indentured servitude

A

In return for free passage, indentured servants were promised 7 years’ labor, after which they would receive their freedom. Many received a small piece of property = survival and vote

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32
Q

Headright system

A

introduced by Virginia Company as a means of attracting new settler to the region to grow tobacco.

“headright” is tract of land that was granted to colonists and potential settlers

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33
Q

House of Burgesses

A

established in Virginia in which any property holding, white male could vote.

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34
Q

French colonization

A

colonized Quebec city. Trying to convert the natives to Roman Catholicism. Spread diseases such as smallpox. Hoping to find gold and a shortcut to Asia. Lighter impact on native people - often intermarried, always moving to trade furs. Presence faded with Edict of Nantes

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35
Q

Puritanism

A

Protestant movement led by English Calvinists in England. Wanted to purify the Anglican church of Roman Catholic practices. Persecuted by the English monarchs

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36
Q

Separatists

A

a group of Puritans who left England to the New World in 1620 on the Mayflower . They settled in Plymouth, Massachusetts

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37
Q

Pilgrims

A

travelers on the Mayflower led by Willian Bradford

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38
Q

Mayflower Compact

A

“body politic” agreement between the pilgrims. Asserted that the government’s power derives from the consent of the governed, not from God

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39
Q

Squanto

A

A Patuxet Native American who became the pilgrim’s interpreter and taught them how to best plant in the New World

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40
Q

Massachusetts Bay Colony

A

established in 1629 by Congretionalists (Puritans who wanted to reform the Anglican church from within) - The Great Puritan Migration led by John Winthrop who urged the colonists to be a “city upon a hill”. Believed they had a covenant with God - did not tolerate religious freedom. Were strict Calvinists

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41
Q

Calvinists

A

Daily lives dictated by the “Protestant work ethic”

42
Q

Roger Williams

A

a minister in Salem Bay settlement who taught controversial principals –> was banished and founded new colony Rhode Island which tolerated religious freedom

43
Q

Anne Hutchinson

A

proponent of antinomianism (the belief that faith and God’s grace is suffice to earn a place among the “elect”), challenged Puritan beliefs and the authority of the Puritan clergy –> banished

44
Q

Oliver Cromwell

A

Puritan immigration halted and the English Civil Wars occurred during his reign

45
Q

Interregnum

A

“between kings”, Puritans had little motive to move to the New World –> began with restoration of the Stuarts

46
Q

New England settlers

A 
Entire families
hospitable climate
longer lives and larger families
strong sense of community
larger towns closer together
more religious
small farms = less labor
47
Q

Chesapeake settlers

A 
single males
tobacco
smaller, spread-out farming communities
less religious
larger farms = more slaves
48
Q

Proprietorships

A

colonies owned by one person who usually received the land as a gift from the king

Eventually converted to royal colonies and controlled by the king

49
Q

Connecticut

A

proprietary colony established in 1635, Fundamental Orders

50
Q

Fundamental Orders

A

first written constitution in Connecticut

51
Q

Maryland

A

proprietary colony given to Lord Baltimore. Hopes to create a Catholic haven and profit from tobacco. Offered religious tolerance to all, Act of Toleration

52
Q

Act of Toleration

A

Passed by Maryland government after a Protestant uprising against Catholics. Protected the religious freedom of most Christians

53
Q

New York

A

proprietary colony given to the king’s brother. The Dutch Republic already had a settlement New Netherland –> Charles II waged a war –> Dutch surrendered peacefully, brother became the Duke of York, and the Dutch were allowed to remain

54
Q

New Jersey

A

given by Charles II to friends who sold it to investors, many were Quakers

55
Q

Pennsylvania

A

granted by Charles II to William Penn, a close friend and Quaker. Quakers were percieved as radicals and persecuted –> Penn established liberal policies towards religious freedom –> grew rapidly, attempted to treat Native Americans fairly

56
Q

Carolina

A

prioprietary colony, split in 1729

57
Q

North Carolina

A

settled by Virginians

58
Q

South Carolina

A

settled by descendants of Englishmen who had colonized Barbados, exported sugar, beginning of slavery in colonies

59
Q

Powhatan Wars (1610-1677)

A

earliest conflicts between English settler and the Powhatan confederacy in Virginia over territorial disputes.

Resolution: Indians granted reservation land

60
Q

The Pequot War (1636-1638)

A

Growth of Massachusetts = expansion into Connecticut Valley which was inhabited by Pequots. The Pequots resisted, attaking a settlement and Massachusetts retaliated by burning the main Pequot village to near-destruction

61
Q

The Beaver Wars (1628-1701)

A

Conflict between the Iroquois Confederacy and the French in the Great Lakes over fur and fishing rights. (importance of the beaver)

62
Q

Decline of the Huron Confederacy (1634-1649)

A

Numbers declined due to smallpox and conflicts with other tribes for fur rights. Allied with the French in the Seven Years’ War

63
Q

King Phillip’s War (1675-1678)

A

The Wompanoags, led by Metacomet, were surrounded by white settlements attempting to convert them and give up their tribal clothing. Metacomet led attacks on settlements and formed a pan-Indian alliance - settlements ran out of food and ammunition.

Metacomet’s death: alliance fell apart and Indians were sold into slavery

64
Q

The Pueblo Revolt (1680)

A

The Pueblo people of New Mexico led a successful revolt against the Spanish and drove them out. The Spanish returned in 1692 but were more accommodating

65
Q

The Chickasaw Wars (1721-1763)

A

Chickasaw tribe vs Choctaw over control of land around Mississippi River. Deadly because the Europeans supplied them guns, halted when Treaty of Paris was signed

66
Q

Decline of the Catawba Nation (1700s)

A

Were allied with the colonists and fought alongside the Patriots, but were engaged in constant warfare with other tribes and weakened by smallpox

67
Q

Why Africans were used a slaves

A

enslaving Native Americans was difficult: knew the land so they could escape, gender obstacle as cultivation was for women, wiped out by disease

Africans did not know the land, easier to control because they were unable to communicate with each other, easier to identify

68
Q

Middle Passage

A

the shipping route that brought slaves to the America. Brutal conditions

69
Q

Triangle Trade

A

trade between the New World, Europe, and Africa

70
Q

Tobacco, rice, and indigo

A

labor-intensive crops in the South that made slavery flourish –> vicious treatment

71
Q

Slavery in the North

A

Were used on farms and as domestic servants

72
Q

Salutary neglect / benign neglect (1650-1750)

A

The Period preceding the French and Indian War. England interfered with the colonies as little as possible:

set up absentee customs in the colonies, self-governing, ignored trade violations –> autonomy

73
Q

Mercantilism

A

belief that economic power was rooted in favorable balance of trade and the control of specie. Colonies were important for economic reasons

74
Q

specie

A

hard currency (gold coins)

75
Q

protective tariffs

A

placed on imports by England that might compete with goods to encourage manufacturing

76
Q

Navigation Acts (1651-1673)

A

required the colonists to buy goods only from England, sell certain products only to England, and to import non-English goods via English ports and pay a duty.

established wide-ranging English control over colonial commerce

–> smuggling, no aggressive protests

77
Q

Wool Act (1699)

A

forbade the export of wool from colonies and import of wool from other British colonies

78
Q

Molasses Act (1733)

A

imposed tax on import of sugar from French West Indies

79
Q

governor

A

one per colony, appointed by king or proprietor

held powers similar to the king, dependent on colonial legislatures for money

relied on the cooperation of the colonists

80
Q

bicameral legislatures

A

legislature of all of the colonies except Pennsylvania

modeled off of the British Parliament

81
Q

The New England Confederation

A

an attempt to make a centralized government

82
Q

Bacon’s Rebellion

A

Expansion = movement west onto Native American land –> NA raids –> settlers retaliated but stymied by Jamestown government

Class resentment grew as frontiersman who were intdentured servants suspected the elites viewed them as a buffer between them and the natives
–> rallied behind Nathanial Bacon who demanded that Governor William Berkeley attack nearby tribes –> refused –> Bacon lashed out anyways and then burned Jamestown

83
Q

Significance of Bacon’s Rebellion

A

early example of populist uprising

many indentured servants allied themselves with free blacks unable to vote –> frightened many and led to black codes

westward expansion = alienation and desire for autonomy –> American Revolution

84
Q

Stono Rebellion

A

20 slaves met near Stono River, stole guns and ammunition, killed storekeepers and planters, and liberated slaves

  • -> fled to Florida –> attacked by colonial militia - captured and executed many
  • -> colonies passed more restrictive laws governing slaves
  • -> fear of rebellion = “witch hunt” period
85
Q

Salem Witch Trials (1692)

A

Accused, and jailed or executed 130 witches

86
Q

Dominion of New England

A

England’s attempt to stop illegal trade:
Massachusetts became a royal colony and extended suffrage to all Protestants –> weakened Puritan primacy

factor of Salem Witch Trials

87
Q

King William’s War / the War of the League of Augsburg

A

French and Native Americans vs England on Canadian border

factor of Salem Witch trials

88
Q

Halfway Covenant

A

changed the rules of governing Puritan baptisms - baptized all children whose parents were baptized to encourage interest in Puritanism

factor of Salem Witch Trials

89
Q

First Great Awakening (1730-1740)

A

wave of religious revivalism; response of devout people to the englightenment

90
Q

Jonathan Edwards

A

minister who preached severe, predeterministic doctrines of Calvinism and warned of the devil

First Great Awakening

91
Q

George Whitefield

A

preached Christianity based on emotionalism and spirituality

92
Q

Enlightenment

A

European intellectual movement that borrowed from ancient philosophy and emphasized rationalism over emotionalism/spirituality

93
Q

Ben Franklin

A

colonists who typified Enlightenment ideals in America

intellectual, wrote the Poor Richard’s Almanac, pioneering work in electricity, served as an ambassador in Europe and negotiated alliance with French and peace treaty that ended Revolutionary War

94
Q

Life in the colonies

A

mostly rural, labor divided by gender, limited social interaction, children and women subordinate to men, patriarchal society, no education, women could not vote

95
Q

Blacks in the colonies

A

most were slaves who lived in the countryside and the South

lives varied - plantations better than field hands

developed kinship ties

96
Q

Cities

A

bad conditions, immigrants settled for work, widespread poverty because of poorly paid jobs, no sanitation, epidemics common

wider contact with others = centers for progress and education

97
Q

Colleges

A

education above elementary level was rare

colleges trained ministers

98
Q

New England colonies

A

centered on trade, farmed for subsistence rigid Puritanism

99
Q

Middle Colonies (NY, PA, NJ)

A

fertile land and focused on farming (“bread colonies”), heterogeneous population

100
Q

Lower South (Carolinas)

A

concentrated on cash crops (tobacco and rice), slavery and plantations, majority were subsistence farmers without slaves, blacks made up the majority of the population

101
Q

Chesapeake colonies (MA, VA)

A

Slavery and tobacco, farmed grain, major cities

APUSH vocabulary (8 decks)

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