Unit 1: Early Contact with the New World (1491-1607) and Unit 2: Colonization of North America (1607-1754) Flashcards
1
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Pre-Columbian era
A
the period before Christopher Columbus’s arrival in the New World
2
Q
North American population
A
Native Americans
3
Q
Bering Strait
A
the water way that it was believed Native Americans migrated over when frozen
4
Q
Native American lifestyle
A
nomadic, hunter-gatherers, organized urban capitals
5
Q
Mesopotamian Native Americans
A
Aztecs (capital Tenochtitlan) and Maya
advances in astronomy, architecture, and art
6
Q
Native Americans in United States territory
A
Pueblo people (stone houses), Chinook people (hunting and foraging), Plains Indians (nomads), and the Iroquois and Algonquian (first encountered Europeans, permanent agriculture)
7
Q
Columbian Exchange
A
the exchange of plants, animals, foods, communicable, diseases and ideas between Europe and the Americas
8
Q
Colony
A
a territory settled and controlled by a foreign power
9
Q
Conquistadors
A
Spanish colonists who collected and exported as much of the area’s wealth as they could
10
Q
Encomienda System
A
Spain granted colonists authority over a specified number of natives; the colonist was obliged to protect those natives and convert them to Catholicism, and in exchange, the colonist was entitled to those natives’ labor
11
Q
Racial caste system
A
- Europeans
- Mestizos (European + Native)
- Zambos (African + Native American)
- Africans
12
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Spanish Armada
A
Spain’s navy that kept other European powers from establishment in the New World
13
Q
Small pox
A
an epidemic brought by Europeans to the New World that devastated 95% of the Native Americans population
14
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Motivation for New World explorations
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Christianity, desire for wealth and resources, and the race to play a dominant role in geopolitics
15
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Sextant
A
a navigation technological improvement that made sailing more efficient
16
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Joint-stock companies
A
corporate businesses with shareholders whose mission was to settle and develop lands in North America
British East India Company, Dutch East India Company, Virginia Company in Jamestown
17
Q
European treatment of Native Americans
A
intermarriage, debate over peace and tolerance or dominance and enslavement, convert to Christianity, belief in European superiority
18
Q
Spanish mission system
A
successful Spanish system to spread Catholicism in the new world (ex. Juan de Onate)
19
Q
Slavery
A
increased colonization = purchasing African slaves
Caribbean and Brazil became permanent settlements for plantations
20
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Voodoo
A
a blend between Christianity and tribal animism
21
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Maroon people
A
escaped slavery and formed cultural enclaves
22
Q
Haitian Revolution
A
slave uprising in Haiti
23
Q
Arrival of English in the New World
A
sent large numbers of men and women, strained relationships with Indians, intermarriage rare, and rigid and hierarchical social classes
24
Q
The Lost Colony on Roanoke Island
A
England’s first attempt at a New World settlement. Sponsored by Sir Walter Raleigh. Disappeared
25
Jamestown (1607)
funded by the Virginia Company
Settlers were ill suited to adjust to the New World
More interested in searching for gold
most died from starvation and disease
26
Captain John Smith
improved Jamestown by encouraging the people to work. Developed relationship with the Indians of the Powhatan Confederacy. Was injured in a gunpowder explosion and sailed back to England
27
Starving time
after John Smith returned to England and the Powhatan Confederacy stopped supplying Jamestown with food
90% died, resorted to cannibalism, survivors abandoned the colony by came by another ship with new settlers
28
John Rolfe
survivor of the starving time, married to Powhatan's daughter Pocahontas, pioneered the practice of tobacco
29
Tobacco
pioneered by John Rolfe in Jamestown. Required vast acreage, depleted the soil, rapidly expanded Jamestown, lead to development of plantation slavery
30
Chesapeake
comprises Virginia and Maryland, came for financial reasons:
| overpopulation in England --> famine, disease, and poverty
31
Indentured servitude
In return for free passage, indentured servants were promised 7 years' labor, after which they would receive their freedom. Many received a small piece of property = survival and vote
32
Headright system
introduced by Virginia Company as a means of attracting new settler to the region to grow tobacco.
"headright" is tract of land that was granted to colonists and potential settlers
33
House of Burgesses
established in Virginia in which any property holding, white male could vote.
34
French colonization
colonized Quebec city. Trying to convert the natives to Roman Catholicism. Spread diseases such as smallpox. Hoping to find gold and a shortcut to Asia. Lighter impact on native people - often intermarried, always moving to trade furs. Presence faded with Edict of Nantes
35
Puritanism
Protestant movement led by English Calvinists in England. Wanted to purify the Anglican church of Roman Catholic practices. Persecuted by the English monarchs
36
Separatists
a group of Puritans who left England to the New World in 1620 on the Mayflower . They settled in Plymouth, Massachusetts
37
Pilgrims
travelers on the Mayflower led by Willian Bradford
38
Mayflower Compact
"body politic" agreement between the pilgrims. Asserted that the government's power derives from the consent of the governed, not from God
39
Squanto
A Patuxet Native American who became the pilgrim's interpreter and taught them how to best plant in the New World
40
Massachusetts Bay Colony
established in 1629 by Congretionalists (Puritans who wanted to reform the Anglican church from within) - The Great Puritan Migration led by John Winthrop who urged the colonists to be a "city upon a hill". Believed they had a covenant with God - did not tolerate religious freedom. Were strict Calvinists
41
Calvinists
Daily lives dictated by the "Protestant work ethic"
42
Roger Williams
a minister in Salem Bay settlement who taught controversial principals --> was banished and founded new colony Rhode Island which tolerated religious freedom
43
Anne Hutchinson
proponent of antinomianism (the belief that faith and God's grace is suffice to earn a place among the "elect"), challenged Puritan beliefs and the authority of the Puritan clergy --> banished
44
Oliver Cromwell
Puritan immigration halted and the English Civil Wars occurred during his reign
45
Interregnum
"between kings", Puritans had little motive to move to the New World --> began with restoration of the Stuarts
46
New England settlers
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Entire families
hospitable climate
longer lives and larger families
strong sense of community
larger towns closer together
more religious
small farms = less labor
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47
Chesapeake settlers
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single males
tobacco
smaller, spread-out farming communities
less religious
larger farms = more slaves
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48
Proprietorships
colonies owned by one person who usually received the land as a gift from the king
Eventually converted to royal colonies and controlled by the king
49
Connecticut
proprietary colony established in 1635, Fundamental Orders
50
Fundamental Orders
first written constitution in Connecticut
51
Maryland
proprietary colony given to Lord Baltimore. Hopes to create a Catholic haven and profit from tobacco. Offered religious tolerance to all, Act of Toleration
52
Act of Toleration
Passed by Maryland government after a Protestant uprising against Catholics. Protected the religious freedom of most Christians
53
New York
proprietary colony given to the king's brother. The Dutch Republic already had a settlement New Netherland --> Charles II waged a war --> Dutch surrendered peacefully, brother became the Duke of York, and the Dutch were allowed to remain
54
New Jersey
given by Charles II to friends who sold it to investors, many were Quakers
55
Pennsylvania
granted by Charles II to William Penn, a close friend and Quaker. Quakers were percieved as radicals and persecuted --> Penn established liberal policies towards religious freedom --> grew rapidly, attempted to treat Native Americans fairly
56
Carolina
prioprietary colony, split in 1729
57
North Carolina
settled by Virginians
58
South Carolina
settled by descendants of Englishmen who had colonized Barbados, exported sugar, beginning of slavery in colonies
59
Powhatan Wars (1610-1677)
earliest conflicts between English settler and the Powhatan confederacy in Virginia over territorial disputes.
Resolution: Indians granted reservation land
60
The Pequot War (1636-1638)
Growth of Massachusetts = expansion into Connecticut Valley which was inhabited by Pequots. The Pequots resisted, attaking a settlement and Massachusetts retaliated by burning the main Pequot village to near-destruction
61
The Beaver Wars (1628-1701)
Conflict between the Iroquois Confederacy and the French in the Great Lakes over fur and fishing rights. (importance of the beaver)
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Decline of the Huron Confederacy (1634-1649)
Numbers declined due to smallpox and conflicts with other tribes for fur rights. Allied with the French in the Seven Years' War
63
King Phillip's War (1675-1678)
The Wompanoags, led by Metacomet, were surrounded by white settlements attempting to convert them and give up their tribal clothing. Metacomet led attacks on settlements and formed a pan-Indian alliance - settlements ran out of food and ammunition.
Metacomet's death: alliance fell apart and Indians were sold into slavery
64
The Pueblo Revolt (1680)
The Pueblo people of New Mexico led a successful revolt against the Spanish and drove them out. The Spanish returned in 1692 but were more accommodating
65
The Chickasaw Wars (1721-1763)
Chickasaw tribe vs Choctaw over control of land around Mississippi River. Deadly because the Europeans supplied them guns, halted when Treaty of Paris was signed
66
Decline of the Catawba Nation (1700s)
Were allied with the colonists and fought alongside the Patriots, but were engaged in constant warfare with other tribes and weakened by smallpox
67
Why Africans were used a slaves
enslaving Native Americans was difficult: knew the land so they could escape, gender obstacle as cultivation was for women, wiped out by disease
Africans did not know the land, easier to control because they were unable to communicate with each other, easier to identify
68
Middle Passage
the shipping route that brought slaves to the America. Brutal conditions
69
Triangle Trade
trade between the New World, Europe, and Africa
70
Tobacco, rice, and indigo
labor-intensive crops in the South that made slavery flourish --> vicious treatment
71
Slavery in the North
Were used on farms and as domestic servants
72
Salutary neglect / benign neglect (1650-1750)
The Period preceding the French and Indian War. England interfered with the colonies as little as possible:
set up absentee customs in the colonies, self-governing, ignored trade violations --> autonomy
73
Mercantilism
belief that economic power was rooted in favorable balance of trade and the control of specie. Colonies were important for economic reasons
74
specie
hard currency (gold coins)
75
protective tariffs
placed on imports by England that might compete with goods to encourage manufacturing
76
Navigation Acts (1651-1673)
required the colonists to buy goods only from England, sell certain products only to England, and to import non-English goods via English ports and pay a duty.
established wide-ranging English control over colonial commerce
--> smuggling, no aggressive protests
77
Wool Act (1699)
forbade the export of wool from colonies and import of wool from other British colonies
78
Molasses Act (1733)
imposed tax on import of sugar from French West Indies
79
governor
one per colony, appointed by king or proprietor
held powers similar to the king, dependent on colonial legislatures for money
relied on the cooperation of the colonists
80
bicameral legislatures
legislature of all of the colonies except Pennsylvania
modeled off of the British Parliament
81
The New England Confederation
an attempt to make a centralized government
82
Bacon's Rebellion
Expansion = movement west onto Native American land --> NA raids --> settlers retaliated but stymied by Jamestown government
Class resentment grew as frontiersman who were intdentured servants suspected the elites viewed them as a buffer between them and the natives
--> rallied behind Nathanial Bacon who demanded that Governor William Berkeley attack nearby tribes --> refused --> Bacon lashed out anyways and then burned Jamestown
83
Significance of Bacon's Rebellion
early example of populist uprising
many indentured servants allied themselves with free blacks unable to vote --> frightened many and led to black codes
westward expansion = alienation and desire for autonomy --> American Revolution
84
Stono Rebellion
20 slaves met near Stono River, stole guns and ammunition, killed storekeepers and planters, and liberated slaves
- -> fled to Florida --> attacked by colonial militia - captured and executed many
- -> colonies passed more restrictive laws governing slaves
- -> fear of rebellion = "witch hunt" period
85
Salem Witch Trials (1692)
Accused, and jailed or executed 130 witches
86
Dominion of New England
England's attempt to stop illegal trade:
Massachusetts became a royal colony and extended suffrage to all Protestants --> weakened Puritan primacy
factor of Salem Witch Trials
87
King William's War / the War of the League of Augsburg
French and Native Americans vs England on Canadian border
factor of Salem Witch trials
88
Halfway Covenant
changed the rules of governing Puritan baptisms - baptized all children whose parents were baptized to encourage interest in Puritanism
factor of Salem Witch Trials
89
First Great Awakening (1730-1740)
wave of religious revivalism; response of devout people to the englightenment
90
Jonathan Edwards
minister who preached severe, predeterministic doctrines of Calvinism and warned of the devil
First Great Awakening
91
George Whitefield
preached Christianity based on emotionalism and spirituality
92
Enlightenment
European intellectual movement that borrowed from ancient philosophy and emphasized rationalism over emotionalism/spirituality
93
Ben Franklin
colonists who typified Enlightenment ideals in America
intellectual, wrote the Poor Richard's Almanac, pioneering work in electricity, served as an ambassador in Europe and negotiated alliance with French and peace treaty that ended Revolutionary War
94
Life in the colonies
mostly rural, labor divided by gender, limited social interaction, children and women subordinate to men, patriarchal society, no education, women could not vote
95
Blacks in the colonies
most were slaves who lived in the countryside and the South
lives varied - plantations better than field hands
developed kinship ties
96
Cities
bad conditions, immigrants settled for work, widespread poverty because of poorly paid jobs, no sanitation, epidemics common
wider contact with others = centers for progress and education
97
Colleges
education above elementary level was rare
colleges trained ministers
98
New England colonies
centered on trade, farmed for subsistence rigid Puritanism
99
Middle Colonies (NY, PA, NJ)
fertile land and focused on farming ("bread colonies"), heterogeneous population
100
Lower South (Carolinas)
concentrated on cash crops (tobacco and rice), slavery and plantations, majority were subsistence farmers without slaves, blacks made up the majority of the population
101
Chesapeake colonies (MA, VA)
Slavery and tobacco, farmed grain, major cities
