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APUSH vocabulary > Unit 6: The Industrial Revolution (1865-1898) > Flashcards

Unit 6: The Industrial Revolution (1865-1898) Flashcards

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1
Q

Thomas Edison

A

invented the light bulb, pioneering work in the development of power plants

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2
Q

Age of Invention

A

the last quarter of the 19th century; many technological advances

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3
Q

Mass Production

A

caused by technological advances

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4
Q

Economies of scale

A

cost decreases and production increases

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5
Q

Assembly line production

A

began with Eli Whitney’s interchangeable parts, expanded in Ford’s plants

workers performed a single task repetitively for hours

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6
Q

Factories

A

dangerous - machine malfunctions - injuries

long hours (12-14)

assembly line production

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7
Q

Corporate Consolidation

A

little government intervention and pro-business Supreme Court = little restraint on businesses to grow

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8
Q

Holding company

A

owned enough stock in various companies to have a controlling interest in the production of raw material, transporting it to factories, and distributing the product

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9
Q

Monopoly

A

complete control of an entire industry

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10
Q

Horizontal integration

A

created monopolies within a particular industry (ex. Standard Oil created by John D. Rockefeller)

several smaller companies within the same industry are combined into a larger company by being bought or through ruthless business practices - illegal

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11
Q

Vertical integration

A

legal - allows other companies in the same industry to survive and compete

one company buys out all of the factors of production

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12
Q

Problems from corporate consolidation

A

costly –> borrowed money but banks failed with businesses failed

lower classes suffered - scarce jobs and money

created class of extremely powerful men –> increased public resentment and govt laws to restrict monopolies

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13
Q

Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890

A

forbid any “combination…or conspiracy in the restraint of trade”

ambiguous wording = many interpretations

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14
Q

US v. E.C. Knight Co

A

Supreme Court ruled that the company (owned 98% of sugar refining plants in US) did not violate Sherman Antitrust Act because local manufacturing was not subject to congressional regulation of interstate commerce

declared unions illegal (“restraint of free trade”)

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15
Q

Andrew Carnegie

A

Steel mogul

promoted Social Darwinism, against government regulations, supported government assistance to business, supported Gospel of Wealth

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16
Q

Social Darwinism

A

in business, unrestricted competition only allowed the “fittest” to survive

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17
Q

Gospel of Wealth

A

with great wealth brought social responsibility

philanthropy (not charity)

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18
Q

Social Gospel

A

promoting public health and education to improve the lives of the poor

worked to abolish child labor and limit working hours

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19
Q

Employment of women and children

A

employed to reduce labor costs

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20
Q

employment of immigrants

A

anxious for work = reduced labor costs

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21
Q

Cities

A

poverty - crime, disease, lack of housing, dangerous factories, no insurance or workmen’s compensation

made up of immigrants and migrants

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22
Q

Advances in mass transportation

A

railroads, streetcars, and subways –> movement of middle class to nicer neighborhoods

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23
Q

New Immigrants

A

came from Southern and Eastern Europe (previously from northern and western)

prejudice = settled in ethnic neighborhoods and tenements

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24
Q

Black and Latino migrants

A

employers only gave them the worst jobs

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25
Q

Political bosses

A

helped the poor find homes and jobs, apply for citizenship, build parks, fire departments, roads, etc

expected those they helped to vote as instruction

ex. “Boss” Tweed of Tammany Hall in NYC

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26
Q

Political machines

A

organizations of political bosses

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27
Q

William “Boss” Tweed

A

seat on New York’s Board of Supervisors –> corruptly took money for construction projects

Leader of Tammany Hall - gave out jobs, homes, and protection of immigrants in return for their votes

Thomas Nast - drew Tweed in political cartoons and helped recapture Tweed after he escaped from prison to Spain

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28
Q

Labor Union

A

formed to try and counter the poor treatment of workers

considered radical, businesses and courts openly hostile

refused to accept immigrants, blacks and women

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29
Q

Knights of Labor

A

founded in 1869 by Uriah Stephens; one of the first national labor unions

organized skilled and unskilled workers from a variety of crafts into a single union

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30
Q

goals of the Knights of Labor

A
  1. 8hr work day
  2. equal pay for equal work for men and women
  3. child labor laws
  4. safety and sanitary codes
  5. federal income tax
  6. government ownership of railroad telegraph lines
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31
Q

fall of the Knights of Labor

A

became increasingly violent - unsuccessful strikes under Terrence Powderly
–> associated with violence and radicalism

Haymarket Square Bomb

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32
Q

Haymarket Square Bomb

A

during 1886 labor demonstration in Chicago’s Haymarket Square, bomb went off and many blamed radicals of Knights of Labor

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33
Q

1892 Steelworkers strike

A

workers at carnegie’s Homestead Steel factory striked against wage cut and refusal of factory manager Henry Clay Frick to allow them to unionize –> Fricked locked workes out, hired new workers, and called in Pinkerton Detective force

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34
Q

1894 Pullman Palace Car Factory strike

A

striked with American Railway Union against wage cut and increased housing coses –> shut down railroads –> Eugene Debs refused to end even after federal order –> jailed and eventually became active socialist

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35
Q

American Federation of Labor

A

led by Samuel Gompers - concentrated on higher wages and shorter workdays, realized union could gain more power if excluded unskilled workers

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36
Q

trade unions

A

unions made up exclusively of workers within a singly trade

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37
Q

Settlement houses

A

women making efforts at urban reforms frustrated with government’s slow pace founded and lived in settlement houses

community centers, provided schooling, childcare, and cultural activities

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38
Q

Jane Addams

A

founded the Hull House to provide English lessons for immigrants, day care, childcare classes, and playgrounds

campaigned for increased government services in the slums

awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931

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39
Q

life for wealthy and middle class

A

improved with increased production –> greater access to luxuries and leisure (sports, theater, vaudeville, movies, novels and newspapers)

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40
Q

yellow journalism

A

Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst who used large headlines and scandals

41
Q

Southern developments

A

agriculture remained main form of labor

Reconstruction programs did increase textile mills and tobacco processing plants

42
Q

Sharecropping

A

system farmers who had to sell their land were forced into

43
Q

crop lien system

A

system by which sharecroppers rented land - keep the poor in constant debt / virtual slavery

44
Q

Jim Crow laws

A

discriminatory laws passed with decreased federal government influence on the South

45
Q

Supreme Courts decisions supporting discrimination

A
  1. ruled that 14th amendment didn’t protect blacks from discrimination by private businesses and have to seek equality from states
  2. 1883 - reversed Civil Rights Act of 1875 –> de jure segregation
46
Q

Plessy v. Fergusen

A

ruled that the role of the federal government was not to maintain social equality

established “separate but equal”

47
Q

Booker T. Washington

A

did not believe that white society was ready to accept blacks as equal - promoted economic independence as a means to improve

founded Tuskegee Institute

accused of being an accommodationist

48
Q

W.E.B. Du Bois

A

Booker T. Washington’s aggressive rival

49
Q

Western developments

A

ranching and mining were growing industries

50
Q

ranching

A

drove herds, ignored property rights and Native Americans

51
Q

mining

A

individual miners prospected and sold rights to mining companies

52
Q

Transcontinental Railroad

A

built 1863-1869 by farmers, immigrants, freed slaves, and veterans

funded by the public and federal and local governments, no government control/regulation

53
Q

Little Big Horn

A

battle with Native Americans after railroad bounty hunters hunted buffalo to near extinction - tribes such as Sioux fought back

overpowered by the federal army

54
Q

effects of the railroad

A

transformed depot towns into cities by connecting them to civilization, better travel = contact with ideas and tech advances, “railroad time” and time zones

55
Q

Turner / Frontier Thesis

A

historian Frederick Jackson Turner declared the American frontier gone - significant:

  1. shaping US character
  2. defined US spirit
  3. fostered democracy
  4. provided safety valve for economic distress in cities
56
Q

The Homestead Act

A

passed to attract new settlers to the region - federal government offered 160 acres of land to anyone who would “homestead” it and live there for 5 years
–> not enough for a productive farm on dry land, giving away Native American land

57
Q

Morrill Land-Grant Act

A

set aside land and provided money for agricultural colleges

58
Q

U.S. Fish Commission

A

created to study, monitory, and preserve wild fisheries

59
Q

Sierra Club

A

one of the first large organizations devoted to conservation in the US founded by naturalist John Muir

60
Q

Relations with Native Americans

A

initially tried to make treaties, but settlers broke them –> warfare

forced them onto reservations - least desirable land, lack of autonomy, incompatible tribes, westerners ignored

61
Q

Dawes Severalty Act

A

broke up the reservations and distributed some of the land to the head of each Native American family - 160 acres but required to live for 25 years –> can legally own it + US citizenship

goal was to accelerate assimilation

–> resistance, poverty = many had to sell land

62
Q

Ghost Dance Movement

A

inspired by visions of prophet Wovoka - promosed followers that, through proper ceremony and supernatural magic, federal expansion in the West would end

63
Q

Wounded Knee Massacre

A

Lakota Sioux Native Americans who were active in the Ghost Dance Movements were attacked by calvary troops

64
Q

Stalwarts

A

Republicans who believed that all government jobs should go to loyal republicans

65
Q

Half-Breeds

A

Republicans who though that qualified Democrats should be able to keep their jobs even after a Republican was elected

66
Q

Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act

A

began dismantling the old spoils system

67
Q

Gilded Age

A

looked like a period of prosperity, but the affluence of a few was built on the poverty of many

68
Q

Gilded Age presidnets

A

Rutherford B. Hayes, James Garfield, Chester A. Arthur: civil service reforms

Grover Cleveland: believed in passive government

Benjamin Harrison: believed in active government

69
Q

Billion-Dollar Congress

A

passed by Harrison, led to Cleveland’s reelection

70
Q

Railroad regulations

A

imposed by states to stop price gouging

71
Q

Munn v. Illinois

A

Supreme Court upheld an Illinois state law - argued that states had the power to regulate private industry that served the “public interes”

72
Q

Wabash case

A

Supreme Court ruled that states could not establish rates involving interstate commerce

73
Q

Intestate Commerce Act

A

set up the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to supervise railroad activities and regulate unfair and unethical practices

74
Q

Women’s suffrage

A

led by Susan B. Anthony and convinced Congress to introduce a suffrage amendment

75
Q

American Suffrage Association

A

fought for women’s suffrage amendments to state constitutions

1890 - gained the right to vote on schools issues

76
Q

silver vs gold debate

A

farmers want silver coins to make payments easier with inflation due to increased debts from decreased prices

banks wanted to use only gold

77
Q

Grange Movement

A

first group of organized farmers, started out as cooperatives to allow farmers to buy and sell as a group

endorsed political candidates

died due to lack of money

78
Q

Farmers’ Alliances

A

allowed women to be politically active

Grew into the political party the People’s Party (political arm of the Populist movement

79
Q

The People’s Party

A

had Omaha platform (solidarity with industrial workers, opposition to immigration, etc)
supported silver
called for government ownership of railroads and telegraphs
graduated income tax
direct election of senators
shorter workdays

80
Q

William Jennings Bryan

A

supported by the People’s Party against William McKinley

campaigned for free silver - “Cross of Gold” speech

lost - McKinley supported by business

81
Q

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

A

triggered nullification crisis during Jackson’s first administrations

82
Q

Tariff debate

A

supported by industrialists in international market and Republicans

opposed by farmers, laborers, and Democrats

83
Q

McKinley Tariff (1850)

A

raised the level of duties on imported goods

reaffirmed with Wilson-Gorman tariff - caused Spanish-American War

84
Q

New markets

A

increase of US production
nationalism:
centennial celebration, awareness of economic power, desire to spread US influence

85
Q

Secretary of State William H. Seward

A

set precedent for increased American participation in Western Hemisphere - purchase of Alaska, using Monroe Doctrine to force France out of Mexico

86
Q

Expansionism

A

America moving into regions to do business

87
Q

imperialism

A

American taking control of another country

88
Q

New Navy

A

US upgraded its ships after inspired by Captain Alfred T. Mahan’s The Influence of Sea Power Upon History

89
Q

Hawaii

A

US attracted due to search for port along trade route to Asia

1870s - US sugar producers started trading with Hawaiians –> Hawaiian economy collapsed due to dependency on US and high tariffs

white minority overthrew native government –> US annexed Hawaii –> Japan outraged

90
Q

Cuba

A

Cuban revolution - against Spanish control instigated by US imposing tariffs –> Cuban civil war reported by sensational Hearst newspaper

Maine exploded –> US entered the war
drove Spain out of Cuba and Philippines

91
Q

Treaty of Paris

A

Spain granted Cuba independence and ceded the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam to the US

92
Q

Platt Amendment

A

the US remained in Cuba and compelled them to include provisions in their constitution to give US control over their foreign affairs:

  1. Cuba is not permitted to sign any treaty without US consent
  2. US could intervene in Cuban domestic and foreign affairs
  3. US was granted land to build a naval base
93
Q

Debate over the Philippines

A

supporters: if Philippines had independence they would be conquered and US would lose a valuable possession, belief that US had moral obligation to “Christianize and civilize”
opposers: controlling Philippines makes US no better than the Britain they overthrew

94
Q

“white man’s burden”

A

poem written by Rudyard Kipling

notion that people not of European extraction were unfit to rule themselves

95
Q

Reactions to Philippines annexation

A

waged guerilla war against US –> US used brutal tactics to subdue

96
Q

Insular Cases

A

Supreme Court ruled that Congress was free to administer each overseas possession as it chose, depending on the particular situation

resolved questions about the legal statues of Native Americans

97
Q

Open Door Policy

A

for all Western nations to gain entry to Asian markets

98
Q

Chinese nationalists boxers

A

rose against European imperialism –> suppressed by US troops –> Germany, France, and England more receptive to US’s foreign policy

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