Unit 6: The Industrial Revolution (1865-1898) Flashcards

Question

Political bosses

Answer 1

helped the poor find homes and jobs, apply for citizenship, build parks, fire departments, roads, etc expected those they helped to vote as instruction ex. "Boss" Tweed of Tammany Hall in NYC

Answer 2

organizations of political bosses

Answer 3

seat on New York's Board of Supervisors --> corruptly took money for construction projects Leader of Tammany Hall - gave out jobs, homes, and protection of immigrants in return for their votes Thomas Nast - drew Tweed in political cartoons and helped recapture Tweed after he escaped from prison to Spain

Answer 4

formed to try and counter the poor treatment of workers considered radical, businesses and courts openly hostile refused to accept immigrants, blacks and women

Answer 5

founded in 1869 by Uriah Stephens; one of the first national labor unions organized skilled and unskilled workers from a variety of crafts into a single union

Answer 6

1. 8hr work day 2. equal pay for equal work for men and women 3. child labor laws 4. safety and sanitary codes 5. federal income tax 6. government ownership of railroad telegraph lines

Answer 7

became increasingly violent - unsuccessful strikes under Terrence Powderly --> associated with violence and radicalism Haymarket Square Bomb

Answer 8

during 1886 labor demonstration in Chicago's Haymarket Square, bomb went off and many blamed radicals of Knights of Labor

Answer 9

workers at carnegie's Homestead Steel factory striked against wage cut and refusal of factory manager Henry Clay Frick to allow them to unionize --> Fricked locked workes out, hired new workers, and called in Pinkerton Detective force

Answer 10

striked with American Railway Union against wage cut and increased housing coses --> shut down railroads --> Eugene Debs refused to end even after federal order --> jailed and eventually became active socialist

Answer 11

led by Samuel Gompers - concentrated on higher wages and shorter workdays, realized union could gain more power if excluded unskilled workers

Answer 12

unions made up exclusively of workers within a singly trade

Answer 13

women making efforts at urban reforms frustrated with government's slow pace founded and lived in settlement houses community centers, provided schooling, childcare, and cultural activities

Answer 14

founded the Hull House to provide English lessons for immigrants, day care, childcare classes, and playgrounds campaigned for increased government services in the slums awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931

Answer 15

improved with increased production --> greater access to luxuries and leisure (sports, theater, vaudeville, movies, novels and newspapers)

Answer 16

Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst who used large headlines and scandals

Answer 17

agriculture remained main form of labor Reconstruction programs did increase textile mills and tobacco processing plants

Answer 18

system farmers who had to sell their land were forced into

Answer 19

system by which sharecroppers rented land - keep the poor in constant debt / virtual slavery

Answer 20

discriminatory laws passed with decreased federal government influence on the South

Answer 21

1. ruled that 14th amendment didn't protect blacks from discrimination by private businesses and have to seek equality from states 2. 1883 - reversed Civil Rights Act of 1875 --> de jure segregation

Answer 22

ruled that the role of the federal government was not to maintain social equality established "separate but equal"

Answer 23

did not believe that white society was ready to accept blacks as equal - promoted economic independence as a means to improve founded Tuskegee Institute accused of being an accommodationist

Answer 24

Booker T. Washington's aggressive rival

Answer 25

ranching and mining were growing industries

Answer 26

drove herds, ignored property rights and Native Americans

Answer 27

individual miners prospected and sold rights to mining companies

Answer 28

built 1863-1869 by farmers, immigrants, freed slaves, and veterans funded by the public and federal and local governments, no government control/regulation

Answer 29

battle with Native Americans after railroad bounty hunters hunted buffalo to near extinction - tribes such as Sioux fought back overpowered by the federal army

Answer 30

transformed depot towns into cities by connecting them to civilization, better travel = contact with ideas and tech advances, "railroad time" and time zones

Answer 31

historian Frederick Jackson Turner declared the American frontier gone - significant: 1. shaping US character 2. defined US spirit 3. fostered democracy 4. provided safety valve for economic distress in cities

Answer 32

passed to attract new settlers to the region - federal government offered 160 acres of land to anyone who would "homestead" it and live there for 5 years --> not enough for a productive farm on dry land, giving away Native American land

Answer 33

set aside land and provided money for agricultural colleges

Answer 34

created to study, monitory, and preserve wild fisheries

Answer 35

one of the first large organizations devoted to conservation in the US founded by naturalist John Muir

Answer 36

initially tried to make treaties, but settlers broke them --> warfare forced them onto reservations - least desirable land, lack of autonomy, incompatible tribes, westerners ignored

Answer 37

broke up the reservations and distributed some of the land to the head of each Native American family - 160 acres but required to live for 25 years --> can legally own it + US citizenship goal was to accelerate assimilation --> resistance, poverty = many had to sell land

Answer 38

inspired by visions of prophet Wovoka - promosed followers that, through proper ceremony and supernatural magic, federal expansion in the West would end

Answer 39

Lakota Sioux Native Americans who were active in the Ghost Dance Movements were attacked by calvary troops

Answer 40

Republicans who believed that all government jobs should go to loyal republicans

Answer 41

Republicans who though that qualified Democrats should be able to keep their jobs even after a Republican was elected

Answer 42

began dismantling the old spoils system

Answer 43

looked like a period of prosperity, but the affluence of a few was built on the poverty of many

Answer 44

Rutherford B. Hayes, James Garfield, Chester A. Arthur: civil service reforms Grover Cleveland: believed in passive government Benjamin Harrison: believed in active government

Answer 45

passed by Harrison, led to Cleveland's reelection

Answer 46

imposed by states to stop price gouging

Answer 47

Supreme Court upheld an Illinois state law - argued that states had the power to regulate private industry that served the "public interes"

Answer 48

Supreme Court ruled that states could not establish rates involving interstate commerce

Answer 49

set up the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to supervise railroad activities and regulate unfair and unethical practices

Answer 50

led by Susan B. Anthony and convinced Congress to introduce a suffrage amendment

Answer 51

fought for women's suffrage amendments to state constitutions 1890 - gained the right to vote on schools issues

Answer 52

farmers want silver coins to make payments easier with inflation due to increased debts from decreased prices banks wanted to use only gold

Answer 53

first group of organized farmers, started out as cooperatives to allow farmers to buy and sell as a group endorsed political candidates died due to lack of money

Answer 54

allowed women to be politically active Grew into the political party the People's Party (political arm of the Populist movement

Answer 55

had Omaha platform (solidarity with industrial workers, opposition to immigration, etc) supported silver called for government ownership of railroads and telegraphs graduated income tax direct election of senators shorter workdays

Answer 56

supported by the People's Party against William McKinley campaigned for free silver - "Cross of Gold" speech lost - McKinley supported by business

Answer 57

triggered nullification crisis during Jackson's first administrations

Answer 58

supported by industrialists in international market and Republicans opposed by farmers, laborers, and Democrats

Answer 59

raised the level of duties on imported goods reaffirmed with Wilson-Gorman tariff - caused Spanish-American War

Answer 60

increase of US production nationalism: centennial celebration, awareness of economic power, desire to spread US influence

Answer 61

set precedent for increased American participation in Western Hemisphere - purchase of Alaska, using Monroe Doctrine to force France out of Mexico

Answer 62

America moving into regions to do business

Answer 63

American taking control of another country

Answer 64

US upgraded its ships after inspired by Captain Alfred T. Mahan's The Influence of Sea Power Upon History

Answer 65

US attracted due to search for port along trade route to Asia 1870s - US sugar producers started trading with Hawaiians --> Hawaiian economy collapsed due to dependency on US and high tariffs white minority overthrew native government --> US annexed Hawaii --> Japan outraged

Answer 66

Cuban revolution - against Spanish control instigated by US imposing tariffs --> Cuban civil war reported by sensational Hearst newspaper Maine exploded --> US entered the war drove Spain out of Cuba and Philippines

Answer 67

Spain granted Cuba independence and ceded the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam to the US

Answer 68

the US remained in Cuba and compelled them to include provisions in their constitution to give US control over their foreign affairs: 1. Cuba is not permitted to sign any treaty without US consent 2. US could intervene in Cuban domestic and foreign affairs 3. US was granted land to build a naval base

Answer 69

supporters: if Philippines had independence they would be conquered and US would lose a valuable possession, belief that US had moral obligation to "Christianize and civilize" opposers: controlling Philippines makes US no better than the Britain they overthrew

Answer 70

poem written by Rudyard Kipling notion that people not of European extraction were unfit to rule themselves

Answer 71

waged guerilla war against US --> US used brutal tactics to subdue

Answer 72

Supreme Court ruled that Congress was free to administer each overseas possession as it chose, depending on the particular situation resolved questions about the legal statues of Native Americans

Answer 73

for all Western nations to gain entry to Asian markets

Answer 74

rose against European imperialism --> suppressed by US troops --> Germany, France, and England more receptive to US's foreign policy