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APUSH vocabulary > Unit 3: Conflict and American Independence (1754-1800) > Flashcards

Unit 3: Conflict and American Independence (1754-1800) Flashcards

1
Q

Albany Plan of Union (1754)

A

representatives from seven colonies met in Albany, New York. Developed by Benjamin Franklin, the plan provided for an intercolonial government and a system for collecting taxes for the colonies’ defense

–> rejected because colonists did not want to lose self-taxing control

“Join or Die” cartoon

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2
Q

French and Indian War (1754-1763)

A

French and Indians vs Britain and colonies

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3
Q

Cause of French and Indian war

A

colonial expansion as English settlers moved into the Ohio Valley and the French tried to stop them to protect fur trade

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4
Q

George Washington

A

led a colonial contingent and attacked a French outpost and lost badly

–> surrendered and returned to Virginia as a hero

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5
Q

Outcome of the French and Indian War

A

England won:

got control of Canada and east of the Mississippi Valley

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6
Q

William Pitt

A

English prime minister who encouraged colonial support during French and Indian War in exchange for pay and autonomy –> resentment with change in power

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7
Q

post-French and Indian War Native American relations

A

Natives previously negotiated alliances in return for land, goods, and to be left alone –> English raised prices of goods and ceased paying rent on western forts

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8
Q

Pontiac’s Rebellion

A

Ottawa war chief Pontiac rallied tribes in Ohio Valley and attacked colonial outposts for raising prices

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9
Q

Paxton Boys

A

a group of Scots-Irish frontiersmen in Pennsylvania who attacked the Susquehanook tribe in response to Pontiac’s Rebellion

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10
Q

Proclamation of 1763

A

in response to Pontiac’s Rebellion: forbid settlement west of rivers in Appalachians

settlers had already moved passed this and agitated colonies

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11
Q

King George III and prime minister George Grenville

A

ruled during French and Indian War and ran up huge debts - felt that colonists should help pay

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12
Q

Sugar Act 1764

A

established new duties containing provisions aimed at deterring molasses and smugglers – little resistance

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13
Q

Molasses Act of 1733

A

raised revenue but was a protective tariff aimed against French imports

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14
Q

Sugar Act of 1764

A

lowered the duty on molasses – strictly enforced as duties were collected
–> difficult for committing violations, violators were arrested

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15
Q

Currency Act

A

forbade the colonies to issue paper money

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16
Q

Stamp Act of 1765

A

a tax specifically aimed at raising revenue = more taxes, broad-based tax – affected lawyers, tax on goods produced within the colonies
–> no power to self-tax

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17
Q

James Otis’s The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved

A

“No taxation without representation” - representation in Parliament or greater degree of self-government

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18
Q

virtual representation

A

Britain’s response to “no taxation without representation” - they are represented because they are British subjects

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19
Q

Patrick Henry

A

drafted the Virginia Stamp Act Resolves - protesting tax and asserting the colonists’ right to autonomy

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20
Q

Sons of Liberty

A

protest groups throughout the colonies against the tax

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21
Q

Declaratory Act

A

implemented by Lord Rockingham after removing the Stamp Act - asserted the British government’s right to tax and legislate anywhere in the colonies

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22
Q

Townshend Acts

A

implemented by Charles Townshend -

  1. taxed goods imported directly from Britain
  2. some of the collected taxes was set aside to pay tax collectors
  3. created more vice-admiralty courts and new government offices to enforce Britain’s power
  4. Suspended the new York Legislature because it refused to comply with law requiring to supply British troops
  5. writs of assistance - licenses that gave Britain the power to search any place they suspected of hiding smuggled goods
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23
Q

Massachusetts Circular Letter

A

written by Samuel Letter and sent to other assemblies asking they protest the new measures in unison

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24
Q

protests to the tax

A

held rallies, boycotts, sought “commoners” for support, colonial women replaced imports with “American” products

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25
The Quartering Act of 1765
stationed large numbers of troops in America and made colonists responsible for the cost of feeding and housing them
26
Boston Massacre
remaining British soldiers in the colonies heightened tensions - competition for jobs --> confrontations: pelted snowballs at soldiers and the soldiers fired guns back
27
Committees of Correspondence
set up by colonists to trade ideas and inform one another of political mood and to have other citizens take active interest in response to new parts of Townsend Acts implemented in 1772
28
Boston Tea Party
The British gave the failing East India Tea Co a monopoly on the tea trade in the colonies --> cheaper tea but Parliament overstepping boundaries - -> In Boston, colonists refused to allow their cargo be unloaded, and the governor refused to allow them to leave the harbor - -> sons of Liberty disguised as Mohawks boarded the ship and dumped its cargo into the Boston Harbor
29
Coercive Acts / Intolerable Acts
1. closed the Boston harbor to all but essential trade until all tea in Boston harbor was paid for 2. tightened English control over Massachusetts government 3. stricter Quartering Act put British soldiers in civilian homes
30
Quebec Act
passed simultaneously with Coercive Acts 1. granted greater liberties to Catholics whom the Protestant majority distrusted 2. extended the boundaries of the Quebec Territory = furthering westward expansion
31
First Continental Congress (1774)
Colonists met to discuss grievances, discuss strategy, and formulate a colonial position on proper relationship with parliament --> imposed boycott on British goods
32
Continental Association
agreed to at the First Continental Congress - towns set of committees of observation to enforce the boycott, became de facto government expanded powers in 1775
33
minutemen
colonial miltia
34
Battle of Lexington
first battle of the American revolution: Britain had dispatched soldiers to Concord Massachusetts, but encountered a small colonial militia in Lexington
35
Battle of Concord
The British proceeded to Concord after the Battle of Lexington where a larger colonial militia was waiting - redcoats retreated "the shot heard 'round the world"
36
Loyalists
colonists who remained loyal to the crown - merchants, religious and ethnic minorities, slaves
37
Patriots
white Protestant property holders and gentry, and urban artisans
38
Second Continental Congress
convened after Lexington and Concord: established a Continental Army, printing money, and government offices to supervise Chose George Washington to lead the army
39
Olive Branch Petition
delegates who followed John Dickinson pushed for reconciliation with Britain - adopted by the Continental Congress after Bunker Hill as a last attempt to avoid war
40
Common Sense by Thomas Paine
a pamphlet used a propaganda to rally colonists: advocated colonial independence, argued republic over monarchy majority could not read
41
Declaration of Independence
Congress commissioned Thomas Jefferson to write a statement of ideals: enumerated grievances, liberty, and government's responsibility to serve the people only pertained to white, property-holding men made war a war for independence
42
The Battle of Saratoga (October 17, 1777)
Turning point - in upstate New York, American troops won a decisive victory, ending British prominence there --> France agreed to formal alliance
43
The Battle of Yorktown (October 1781)
symbolic end to the American Revolution: British general Cornwallis was surrounded by the French navy and George Washington and land --> surrendered and began negotiations
44
Blacks in the American Revolution
The Continental Army had difficulty recruiting good soldiers, so they recruited blacks and many of the slaves were granted freedom - did not abolish slavery, increased racism
45
Franco-American Alliance
negotiated by Ben Franklin after the Battle of Saratoga | --> increased US morale
46
Treaty of Paris (1783)
granted US independence and generous territorial rights
47
Articles of Confederation
the first national constitution: no central government Limitations: no individual taxation, military draft, regulation of trade, executive or judicial branches, could not raise an army, one vote per state, needed unanimous approval
48
post-revolution Native American relationship
more contentious - many had allied with Britain
49
women during and post-revolution
women were "camp followers", maintained businesses, or spies but no economic equality - increased women's rights pleas
50
The issue of the protective tariff
The Articles of Confederation did not allow the government to impose tariffs = wild inflation and trade issues with Britain --> economic sectionalism
51
Issues with the British after the revolution
refused to abandon military posts in the states - government could not expel them
52
Shay's Rebellion
Daniel Shays (war veteran) who did not receive war pay and was facing farm foreclosure - seized courthouses, government couldn't stop them
53
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
abolished slavery in Northwest territories, set regulations for statehood applications, contained a bill of rights
54
Annapolis Convention
devised by Alexander Hamilton with fear of country's survival - only five delegates showed up
55
"Meeting In philadelphia"
followed the Annapolis Convention to "revise the Articles of Confederation" but actually created the Constitution
56
The New Jersey Plan
called for modifications of the Articles, equal representation from each state
57
The Virginia Plan
(James Madison) new government based on checks and balances, representation based on population, 3-tiered federal government, electoral college chooses president expanded powers of government
58
Great Compromise
bicameral legislature and the Constitution - 3 branches and checks and balances
59
Three-Fifths Compromise
"proportional" representation
60
Anti-Federalists
opposed the Constitution - wanted the bill of rights
61
Federalists
in favor of the Constitution
62
Federalist papers
published anonymously by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Hay - swayed public opinion
63
George Washington
unanimously chosen as the first president - used authority with restraint to set precedents
64
Thomas Jefferson
George Washington's secretary of state favored weaker federal government to regulate international commerce, favored greater state power
65
Alexander Hamilton
George Washington's secretary of the treasury favored stronger federal government
66
National Bank
proposed by Hamilton to strengthen the economy - debate followed and Washington's veto
67
strict constructionists
(Jefferson and James Madison) argued that the Constitution allowed congress only the powers "necessary" to the execution of enumerated powers argued that the National Bank was not "necessary"
68
loose constructionists
(Hamilton) argued that the creation of a bank was an implied power of the government because it could already coin and borrow money, and collect taxes Washington agreed and approved of the National Bank
69
National debt
successfully handled by Hamilton: federal government assumed the states' debts and repaid by giving debt holders western land favored North --> made concession to move capital to Washington D.C.
70
French Revolution
caused debate during Washington's presidency: Jefferson: support Hamilton: against (aristocratic and disliked revolutionaries --> neutrality
71
Neutrality Proclamation
after Citizen Edmond Genet visited US for assistance, Washington declared the US intention to remain "friendly and impartial toward belligerent powers"
72
Origins of the two-party system
Hamilton and Jefferson debate | --> federalists (favored strong federal government) vs Democratic-Republicans
73
Whiskey Rebellion
instigated by Hamilton's financial program: PA farmers resisted whiskey tax which was implemented to pay debts -->Washington dispatched military to disperse demonstrating lasting class tensions and new power of the government
74
Jay's Treaty
Washington sent John Jay to England to negotiate a treaty concerning evacuating British from Northwest Territory and British violations of free trade prevented war, but US made too many concessions
75
executive privilege
exercised by Washington when he refused to submit all Jay's treaty documents to Congress who wanted to withhold funding right of the president to withhold information when doing so would protect national security
76
Pinckney's Treaty
Washington sent Thomas Pinckney to Spain to negotiate Mississippi river, duty-free access to world markets, and removing Spanish forts in US
77
Washington's farewell address
warned against sectional divisions, political party conflict, and foreign entanglements
78
Republican Motherhood
the role of the mother became prominent in child-rearing as mothers were expected to raise educated children who would contribute positively to the US
79
John Adams
Federalist and Washington's successor with VP Thomas Jefferson (Dem-Rep) hands-off administration, let Hamilton take charge
80
XYZ affair
After Jay's treaty, France began seizing US ships so Adams send diplomats to Paris where French officials demanded a huge bribe --> became anti-French and Adams avoided a war
81
Alien and Sedition Acts
passed by Adams which allowed the government to forcibly expel foreigners and to jail newspaper editors aimed to destroy dem-rep immigrants, strictly regulated anti-government speech
82
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
passed by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts argued that the states had the right to judge the constitutionality of federal laws - nullification no enforcement

APUSH vocabulary (8 decks)

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