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APUSH vocabulary > Unit 3: Conflict and American Independence (1754-1800) > Flashcards

Unit 3: Conflict and American Independence (1754-1800) Flashcards

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1
Q

Albany Plan of Union (1754)

A

representatives from seven colonies met in Albany, New York. Developed by Benjamin Franklin, the plan provided for an intercolonial government and a system for collecting taxes for the colonies’ defense

–> rejected because colonists did not want to lose self-taxing control

“Join or Die” cartoon

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2
Q

French and Indian War (1754-1763)

A

French and Indians vs Britain and colonies

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3
Q

Cause of French and Indian war

A

colonial expansion as English settlers moved into the Ohio Valley and the French tried to stop them to protect fur trade

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4
Q

George Washington

A

led a colonial contingent and attacked a French outpost and lost badly

–> surrendered and returned to Virginia as a hero

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5
Q

Outcome of the French and Indian War

A

England won:

got control of Canada and east of the Mississippi Valley

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6
Q

William Pitt

A

English prime minister who encouraged colonial support during French and Indian War in exchange for pay and autonomy –> resentment with change in power

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7
Q

post-French and Indian War Native American relations

A

Natives previously negotiated alliances in return for land, goods, and to be left alone –> English raised prices of goods and ceased paying rent on western forts

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8
Q

Pontiac’s Rebellion

A

Ottawa war chief Pontiac rallied tribes in Ohio Valley and attacked colonial outposts for raising prices

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9
Q

Paxton Boys

A

a group of Scots-Irish frontiersmen in Pennsylvania who attacked the Susquehanook tribe in response to Pontiac’s Rebellion

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10
Q

Proclamation of 1763

A

in response to Pontiac’s Rebellion: forbid settlement west of rivers in Appalachians

settlers had already moved passed this and agitated colonies

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11
Q

King George III and prime minister George Grenville

A

ruled during French and Indian War and ran up huge debts - felt that colonists should help pay

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12
Q

Sugar Act 1764

A

established new duties containing provisions aimed at deterring molasses and smugglers – little resistance

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13
Q

Molasses Act of 1733

A

raised revenue but was a protective tariff aimed against French imports

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14
Q

Sugar Act of 1764

A

lowered the duty on molasses – strictly enforced as duties were collected
–> difficult for committing violations, violators were arrested

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15
Q

Currency Act

A

forbade the colonies to issue paper money

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16
Q

Stamp Act of 1765

A

a tax specifically aimed at raising revenue = more taxes, broad-based tax – affected lawyers, tax on goods produced within the colonies
–> no power to self-tax

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17
Q

James Otis’s The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved

A

“No taxation without representation” - representation in Parliament or greater degree of self-government

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18
Q

virtual representation

A

Britain’s response to “no taxation without representation” - they are represented because they are British subjects

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19
Q

Patrick Henry

A

drafted the Virginia Stamp Act Resolves - protesting tax and asserting the colonists’ right to autonomy

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20
Q

Sons of Liberty

A

protest groups throughout the colonies against the tax

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21
Q

Declaratory Act

A

implemented by Lord Rockingham after removing the Stamp Act - asserted the British government’s right to tax and legislate anywhere in the colonies

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22
Q

Townshend Acts

A

implemented by Charles Townshend -

  1. taxed goods imported directly from Britain
  2. some of the collected taxes was set aside to pay tax collectors
  3. created more vice-admiralty courts and new government offices to enforce Britain’s power
  4. Suspended the new York Legislature because it refused to comply with law requiring to supply British troops
  5. writs of assistance - licenses that gave Britain the power to search any place they suspected of hiding smuggled goods
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23
Q

Massachusetts Circular Letter

A

written by Samuel Letter and sent to other assemblies asking they protest the new measures in unison

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24
Q

protests to the tax

A

held rallies, boycotts, sought “commoners” for support, colonial women replaced imports with “American” products

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25
Q

The Quartering Act of 1765

A

stationed large numbers of troops in America and made colonists responsible for the cost of feeding and housing them

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26
Q

Boston Massacre

A

remaining British soldiers in the colonies heightened tensions - competition for jobs
–> confrontations:
pelted snowballs at soldiers and the soldiers fired guns back

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27
Q

Committees of Correspondence

A

set up by colonists to trade ideas and inform one another of political mood and to have other citizens take active interest

in response to new parts of Townsend Acts implemented in 1772

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28
Q

Boston Tea Party

A

The British gave the failing East India Tea Co a monopoly on the tea trade in the colonies –> cheaper tea but Parliament overstepping boundaries

  • -> In Boston, colonists refused to allow their cargo be unloaded, and the governor refused to allow them to leave the harbor
  • -> sons of Liberty disguised as Mohawks boarded the ship and dumped its cargo into the Boston Harbor
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29
Q

Coercive Acts / Intolerable Acts

A
  1. closed the Boston harbor to all but essential trade until all tea in Boston harbor was paid for
  2. tightened English control over Massachusetts government
  3. stricter Quartering Act put British soldiers in civilian homes
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30
Q

Quebec Act

A

passed simultaneously with Coercive Acts

  1. granted greater liberties to Catholics whom the Protestant majority distrusted
  2. extended the boundaries of the Quebec Territory = furthering westward expansion
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31
Q

First Continental Congress (1774)

A

Colonists met to discuss grievances, discuss strategy, and formulate a colonial position on proper relationship with parliament
–> imposed boycott on British goods

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32
Q

Continental Association

A

agreed to at the First Continental Congress - towns set of committees of observation to enforce the boycott, became de facto government

expanded powers in 1775

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33
Q

minutemen

A

colonial miltia

34
Q

Battle of Lexington

A

first battle of the American revolution: Britain had dispatched soldiers to Concord Massachusetts, but encountered a small colonial militia in Lexington

35
Q

Battle of Concord

A

The British proceeded to Concord after the Battle of Lexington where a larger colonial militia was waiting - redcoats retreated

“the shot heard ‘round the world”

36
Q

Loyalists

A

colonists who remained loyal to the crown - merchants, religious and ethnic minorities, slaves

37
Q

Patriots

A

white Protestant property holders and gentry, and urban artisans

38
Q

Second Continental Congress

A

convened after Lexington and Concord:
established a Continental Army, printing money, and government offices to supervise

Chose George Washington to lead the army

39
Q

Olive Branch Petition

A

delegates who followed John Dickinson pushed for reconciliation with Britain - adopted by the Continental Congress after Bunker Hill as a last attempt to avoid war

40
Q

Common Sense by Thomas Paine

A

a pamphlet used a propaganda to rally colonists:
advocated colonial independence, argued republic over monarchy

majority could not read

41
Q

Declaration of Independence

A

Congress commissioned Thomas Jefferson to write a statement of ideals: enumerated grievances, liberty, and government’s responsibility to serve the people

only pertained to white, property-holding men

made war a war for independence

42
Q

The Battle of Saratoga (October 17, 1777)

A

Turning point - in upstate New York, American troops won a decisive victory, ending British prominence there
–> France agreed to formal alliance

43
Q

The Battle of Yorktown (October 1781)

A

symbolic end to the American Revolution: British general Cornwallis was surrounded by the French navy and George Washington and land –> surrendered and began negotiations

44
Q

Blacks in the American Revolution

A

The Continental Army had difficulty recruiting good soldiers, so they recruited blacks and many of the slaves were granted freedom - did not abolish slavery, increased racism

45
Q

Franco-American Alliance

A

negotiated by Ben Franklin after the Battle of Saratoga

–> increased US morale

46
Q

Treaty of Paris (1783)

A

granted US independence and generous territorial rights

47
Q

Articles of Confederation

A

the first national constitution: no central government

Limitations: no individual taxation, military draft, regulation of trade, executive or judicial branches, could not raise an army, one vote per state, needed unanimous approval

48
Q

post-revolution Native American relationship

A

more contentious - many had allied with Britain

49
Q

women during and post-revolution

A

women were “camp followers”, maintained businesses, or spies but no economic equality - increased women’s rights pleas

50
Q

The issue of the protective tariff

A

The Articles of Confederation did not allow the government to impose tariffs = wild inflation and trade issues with Britain
–> economic sectionalism

51
Q

Issues with the British after the revolution

A

refused to abandon military posts in the states - government could not expel them

52
Q

Shay’s Rebellion

A

Daniel Shays (war veteran) who did not receive war pay and was facing farm foreclosure - seized courthouses, government couldn’t stop them

53
Q

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

A

abolished slavery in Northwest territories, set regulations for statehood applications, contained a bill of rights

54
Q

Annapolis Convention

A

devised by Alexander Hamilton with fear of country’s survival - only five delegates showed up

55
Q

“Meeting In philadelphia”

A

followed the Annapolis Convention to “revise the Articles of Confederation” but actually created the Constitution

56
Q

The New Jersey Plan

A

called for modifications of the Articles, equal representation from each state

57
Q

The Virginia Plan

A

(James Madison) new government based on checks and balances, representation based on population, 3-tiered federal government, electoral college chooses president

expanded powers of government

58
Q

Great Compromise

A

bicameral legislature and the Constitution - 3 branches and checks and balances

59
Q

Three-Fifths Compromise

A

“proportional” representation

60
Q

Anti-Federalists

A

opposed the Constitution - wanted the bill of rights

61
Q

Federalists

A

in favor of the Constitution

62
Q

Federalist papers

A

published anonymously by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Hay - swayed public opinion

63
Q

George Washington

A

unanimously chosen as the first president - used authority with restraint to set precedents

64
Q

Thomas Jefferson

A

George Washington’s secretary of state

favored weaker federal government to regulate international commerce, favored greater state power

65
Q

Alexander Hamilton

A

George Washington’s secretary of the treasury

favored stronger federal government

66
Q

National Bank

A

proposed by Hamilton to strengthen the economy - debate followed and Washington’s veto

67
Q

strict constructionists

A

(Jefferson and James Madison) argued that the Constitution allowed congress only the powers “necessary” to the execution of enumerated powers

argued that the National Bank was not “necessary”

68
Q

loose constructionists

A

(Hamilton) argued that the creation of a bank was an implied power of the government because it could already coin and borrow money, and collect taxes

Washington agreed and approved of the National Bank

69
Q

National debt

A

successfully handled by Hamilton: federal government assumed the states’ debts and repaid by giving debt holders western land

favored North –> made concession to move capital to Washington D.C.

70
Q

French Revolution

A

caused debate during Washington’s presidency:

Jefferson: support
Hamilton: against (aristocratic and disliked revolutionaries

–> neutrality

71
Q

Neutrality Proclamation

A

after Citizen Edmond Genet visited US for assistance, Washington declared the US intention to remain “friendly and impartial toward belligerent powers”

72
Q

Origins of the two-party system

A

Hamilton and Jefferson debate

–> federalists (favored strong federal government) vs Democratic-Republicans

73
Q

Whiskey Rebellion

A

instigated by Hamilton’s financial program: PA farmers resisted whiskey tax which was implemented to pay debts
–>Washington dispatched military to disperse

demonstrating lasting class tensions and new power of the government

74
Q

Jay’s Treaty

A

Washington sent John Jay to England to negotiate a treaty concerning evacuating British from Northwest Territory and British violations of free trade

prevented war, but US made too many concessions

75
Q

executive privilege

A

exercised by Washington when he refused to submit all Jay’s treaty documents to Congress who wanted to withhold funding

right of the president to withhold information when doing so would protect national security

76
Q

Pinckney’s Treaty

A

Washington sent Thomas Pinckney to Spain to negotiate Mississippi river, duty-free access to world markets, and removing Spanish forts in US

77
Q

Washington’s farewell address

A

warned against sectional divisions, political party conflict, and foreign entanglements

78
Q

Republican Motherhood

A

the role of the mother became prominent in child-rearing as mothers were expected to raise educated children who would contribute positively to the US

79
Q

John Adams

A

Federalist and Washington’s successor with VP Thomas Jefferson (Dem-Rep)

hands-off administration, let Hamilton take charge

80
Q

XYZ affair

A

After Jay’s treaty, France began seizing US ships so Adams send diplomats to Paris where French officials demanded a huge bribe
–> became anti-French and Adams avoided a war

81
Q

Alien and Sedition Acts

A

passed by Adams which allowed the government to forcibly expel foreigners and to jail newspaper editors

aimed to destroy dem-rep immigrants, strictly regulated anti-government speech

82
Q

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

A

passed by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts

argued that the states had the right to judge the constitutionality of federal laws - nullification

no enforcement

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