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APUSH vocabulary > Unit 7: The Early 20th Century (1890-1945) > Flashcards

Unit 7: The Early 20th Century (1890-1945) Flashcards

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1
Q

Progressives

A

urban, middle-class reformers based off of Populists who wanted to increase the role of government in reform while maintaining a capitalist economy

successful: urban, new organizations, no regional class differences

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2
Q

muckrakers

A

revealed widespread corruption in urban management (Lincoln Steffen), oil companies (Ida Tarbell), and the meatpacking industry (Upton Sinclair)

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3
Q

NAACP

A

led by WEB Du Bois but strenuous

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4
Q

Feminist movement

A

women faced conservative opposition - Margaret Sanger (contraceptives), and the 19th amendment

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5
Q

Robert La Follette

A

implemented plans for direct primary elections, progressive taxation, and rail regulation

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6
Q

ballot initiative

A

voters can propose new laws

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7
Q

referendum

A

allowed the public to vote on new laws

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8
Q

recall election

A

gave voters the power to remove officials from office before their terms expired

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9
Q

Working-class Progressive successes

A

limits on work day, minimum-wage requirements, child labor laws, and urban housing codes

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10
Q

President Theodore Roosevelt

A

Progressive leader, became president after McKinley’s assassination

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11
Q

Roosevelt’s liberal policies

A
  • investigated major railroad company and broke it up
  • negotiated conflict between coal mine owners and workers – major concessions
  • used sherman Antitrust Act against monopolies
  • Meat Inspection Act
  • Pure Food and Drug Act
  • National Park Service
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12
Q

William Howard Taft’s progressive policies

A
  • (16th amendment) national income tax
  • (17th amendment) direct election of senators
  • “dollar diplomacy” – secure favorable relationships with Latin America and East Asia with monetary loans
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13
Q

Woodrow Wilson

A

3rd progressive president, ran on Bull Moose ticket, referred to ideals as New Freedom (increase federal control over business to restore competition)

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14
Q

Wilson’s progressive policies

A

Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914, and Federal Reserve System

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15
Q

Decline of Progressivism

A
  • After WWI and the Spanish Flu - decline in moral crusade

- war and Red Scare divided

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16
Q

Platt Amendment (Roosevelt)

A

committed Cuba to American control -Cuba cannot make treaties w/o US approval, and US had the right to intervene in Cuban affairs
–> US military in Cuba = anti-US sentiments

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17
Q

Panama Canal

A

Roosevelt wanted canal to shorten sea trip:

  • encouraged Panamanian rebels to revolt with Colombia offered high price for canal
  • new Panamanian govt gave better deal
  • -> US military in region
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18
Q

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine / “Big Stick Policy”

A

the claim that Latin American domestic instability constituted a threat to American security

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19
Q

Neutrality

A

Wilson immediately declared neutrality when WWI broke out - treat all belligerents fairly without favoritism

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20
Q

Problems with neutrality

A

US close relationship to Europe and support of the allies

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21
Q

English blockade on Germany

A

England paid for lost US cargo = US continued trade with Enngland

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22
Q

German subs / U-boats

A

attacked civilian ships carrying military attacks - did not need to warn because it eliminated advantage

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23
Q

Lusitania

A

US passenger ship sunk by German U-boats –> provoked US hatred for Germany
–> Germany ceased warfare

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24
Q

Arabic

A

2nd US passenger ship sunk by Germany –> prepared for war

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25
Q

Zimmermann Telegram

A

telegram from German Foreign Minister Zimmermann to the German ambassador to Mexico: outlined plan to keep US out of war, promise to help Mexico and Japan regain lost land
–> US declared war on Germany

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26
Q

War Industries Board

A

coordinated all facets of industrial and agricultural production

slow and inefficient

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27
Q

Espionage Act

A

prohibited anyone from using the US mail system to interfere with the war effort or the draft

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28
Q

Selective Service Act of 1917

A

instituted war draft

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29
Q

Sedition Act

A

made it illegal to try to prevent the sale of war bonds or to speak disparagingly of the country

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30
Q

Schneck v. United States

A

ruled that one’s freedom of speech and other civil liberties were not absolute and could be curtailed if one’s actions posed a “clear and present danger”

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31
Q

Red Scare

A

increased public paranoia from government suppression and Russian Revolution = fear of communist takeover

branded radical labor unions and Eugene Debs (socialist) enemies

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32
Q

Federal Bureau of Investigation

A

prevented radicals from taking over

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33
Q

Palmer Raids

A

Attorney General Mitchell Palmer organized raids on suspected radical groups
–> few bombs/weapons found, deported immigrants

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34
Q

Committee on Public Information (CPI)

A

wartime propaganda - crated image of Germans as cold-blooded, baby-killing, power-hungry Huns

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35
Q

American treatment of Germans during WWI

A

rejected all things german and instigated violent acts against immigrants and descendants

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36
Q

Women during WWI

A

worked in factories, Rosie the Riveter, lost jobs when vets returned

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37
Q

African Americans during WWI

A

increased the Great Migration with labor shortage in the North

many joined the army - segregated and given menial labor

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38
Q

Fourteen Points

A

Wilson’s plan for WWI treaty: free trade, freedom of the seas, reduction of arms supplies, end of colonialism, creation of the League of Nations

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39
Q

Treaty of Versailles

A

European Allies wanted to punish Germany – forced Germany to cede colonial territories, discard, pay huge reparations, and admit total fault

created League of Nations

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40
Q

Separation of powers and checks and balances

A

the president could negotiate treaties, but were subject to Senate ratification

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41
Q

Article X of the League of Nations

A

believed curtailed US ability to act independently in foreign affairs - Congress’s power to declare war

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42
Q

Debate over League of Nations

A

Democrats who supported Wilson, Irreconcilables (Republicans opposed), and Reservationists (Republicans led by Henry Cabot Lodge)

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43
Q

Defeat of Treaty of Versailles

A

Wilson’s stubbornness to compromise

  • -> US did not join League
  • -> isolation
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44
Q

Post-WWI economy

A

brief slump –> prosperity

caused by practical electric motor = new machines and domestic appliances, expansion of other industries

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45
Q

Pro-business 1920s

A
  • large businesses were convenient and cheap, and had good products
  • govt assisted rather than regulated
  • decreased public favor of unions
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46
Q

President Warren Harding

A
  • had corrupt advisors - Teapot Dome Scandal
  • supported antilynching laws
  • helped farmers with loans
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47
Q

Teapot Dome Scandal

A

oil companies bribed secretary of the interior in order to drill on public lands

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48
Q

President Calvin Coolidge

A
  • slogan “Coolidge prosperity”

- lowered income taxes

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49
Q

Welfare capitalism

A

businesses offered benefits such as pension plans, profit sharing, and company parties to discourage strikes

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50
Q

automobile

A 
became affordable to middle-class with assembly line and mass production
-->more roads, suburbs
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51
Q

suburbs

A

developed with cars which made travel easier

52
Q

radio

A

almost every family owned one, sense of community

53
Q

advertising industry during 1920s

A

effective in selling products

54
Q

Women during the 1920s

A

increased women working “pink-collar” jobs because consumerism required money

55
Q

the Flapper

A

image of new American woman - discarded fashion of Victorian era for more free clothing, cigarettes, drinking, and dancing

56
Q

Entertainment

A

movies, sports, and literature

57
Q

Lost generation

A

chronicled alienation by writers F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, and Eugene O’Neill

58
Q

Harlem Renaissance

A

revivalism of African American culture:

  • poets – Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, Zora Neale Hurston
  • jazz
  • Louis Armstrong
59
Q

Klu Klux Klan

A

increased during the 1920s - targeted Jews, urbanites, anyone who defied their codes, and immigrants

60
Q

Sacco and Vanzetti

A

Italian immigrant anarchists who were arrested on the charges of murder and were executed –> intensified anti-immigrant beliefs

61
Q

Emergency Quota Act of 1924

A

set immigration quotas based on national origins and discriminated against the “new immigrants”

62
Q

Scopes Monkey Trial

A

John Thomas Scopes broke the new Tennessee law forbidding teachers to teach the theory of evolution

Clarence Darrow vs William Jennings Bryan

modernists vs fundamentalists

63
Q

Eighteenth Amendment (1917)

A

outlawed the American liquor industry - weak–> increased government resentment, illegal selling of liquor

64
Q

gangster era

A

open warfare between competing gangs and criminals vs law enforcement sparked by prohibition

65
Q

Herbert Hoover

A

elected 1928, president during the Great Depression

66
Q

Fall of the stock market

A

October 1929, the stock market crashed –> prices fell, blamed on irresponsible speculation, bankruptcy and unemployment

67
Q

Causes of the Great Depression

A

Europe’s failing economy after WWI and maldistribution of wealth = unemployment, farm products worth less, surplus, deflation

68
Q

Effects of the Great Depression

A

massive unemployment, bankruptcy, homelessness

69
Q

Hoovervilles

A

shantytowns built by the homeless

70
Q

Dust Bowl

A

prolonged drought in the Great Plains

71
Q

Farmers’ Holiday Association

A

organized demonstrations and threatened a nationwide walkout by farmers in order to raise prices

72
Q

Hoover’s response to the Depression

A

initially opposed federal relief effort –> farm assistance programs, federal works project, Hawley-Smoot Tariff, and FERA

73
Q

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

A

highest protective tariff in US history enacted during the Depression - worsened the economy

74
Q

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)

A

established by Hoover during the Depression - provided government money to bail out large companies and banks who could eventually repay

75
Q

Bonus Expeditionary Force (BEF)

A

WWI veterans who protested at Washington for their benefits - forcefully expelled by MacArthur who burned their makeshift homes

76
Q

Franklin D. Roosevelt

A

won the election of 1932, declared war on the Depression and implemented the New Deal reforms

77
Q

Emergency Banking Relief Bill (1)

A

put poorly managed banks under the control of the Treasury Dept and granted licenses to the solvent one

78
Q

fireside chats

A

Roosevelt’s radio broadcast program where he reassured the public and banks were secure

79
Q

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) (1)

A

created in the Banking Act of 1933 who guaranteed bank deposits

80
Q

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) (1)

A

provided payments to farmers in return for their agreement to cut production

81
Q

Farm Credit Act

A

provided loans to farmers in danger of foreclosure

82
Q

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) (1)

A

consolidated businesses and coordinated their activities to eliminate overproduction

83
Q

Public Works Administration (PWA) (1)

A

created jobs building roads, sewers, public housing units

84
Q

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) (1)

A

grants to states to manage their own PWA-like projects

85
Q

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) (1)

A

provided energy to the Tennessee Valley region

86
Q

National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) (1)

A

mediated labor disputes

87
Q

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) (1)

A

regulated the stock market

88
Q

Keynesian Economics

A

the cycle of depressions can be solved by a government program of deficit spending

89
Q

Conservatives

A

opposed the New Deal - high tax rates, increase in government power over business, and relief programs removed incentive for poor to lift themselves up

90
Q

Leftists

A

ex. Huey Long

complained that the AAA policy of paying farmers not to grow was immoral, and that government policy toward businesses was too favorable

91
Q

Communist Party of America

A

gained popularity during the Depression by calling for nationalization of business

92
Q

Schechter Poultry Corp v. United States

A

invalidated sections of the NIRA on grounds that the codes created were unconstitutional

93
Q

United States v. Butler

A

Supreme Court struck down the AAA

94
Q

Court-packing scheme

A

Roosevelt’s response to the Supreme Court declaring the AAA unconstitutional - hand-picked six new judges
–> public criticism

95
Q

Works Progress Administration (WPA) (2)

A

generated public work projects for more jobs, and employed writers, photographers, and other artists

96
Q

Second Hundred Days

A

Congress passed legislation that broadened powers of NLRB, democratized unions, punished businesses with anti-union policies, and created Social Security

97
Q

Social Security Administration (2)

A

provided retirement benefits for workers and the disabled

98
Q

New Deal coalition

A

union members, urbanites, the underclass, and blacks who helped Roosevelt win reelection

99
Q

1937 economic recession

A

caused by Roosevelt cutting back government programs to balance the budget, and the Federal Reserve Board tightening credit supply to slow inflation
–> took money out of circulation

100
Q

Fair Labor Standards Act

A

set a minimum wage and established 40-hour workweek

101
Q

“independent internationalism”

A

US foreign policy leading to WWI - aimed at promoting and maintaining peace

102
Q

The Washington Conference (1921-1922)

A

gathered the eight great powers and made treaty which set limits on stockpiling armaments and reaffirmed the Open Door Policy in China

103
Q

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

A

condemned war as a means of foreign policy

104
Q

Good Neighbor Policy (1934)

A
  • The US tried to cut back interventionist policy in Latin America
  • misleading - US continued to intervene
  • repealed Platt Amendment
105
Q

US response to Japan-China war

A

Sold arm to China and called for embargo on arms sales to Japan

scared of provoking war with Japan - US did not order embargo on commercial shipments to Japan

106
Q

Protectionism

A

the policy of keeping high tariffs

107
Q

Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act

A

allowed the president to reduce tariffs if he felt doing so would achieve foreign policy goals

108
Q

Nye Commission

A

Senator Gerald Nye commissioned a report that revealed unwholsome activities by US arms manufacturers which led to US involvement in WWI
–> disenchantment

109
Q

Nuetrality Acts

A
  1. prohibited sale of arms to either belligerents in a war
  2. banned loans to belligerents
  3. “cash and carry”
110
Q

“cash and carry”

A

required Allies to pay cash for their weapons and come to US to pick up purchases and carry them away on their own ships

111
Q

Lend-Lease Act

A

permitted US to “lend” armaments to England who no longer had money

112
Q

Atlantic Charter Conference

A

Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill met and declared war aims - disarmament, self-determination, freedom of seas, and guarantees of security

113
Q

Triparte Pact

A

alliance between Japan, Italy and Germany

114
Q

Pearl Harbor (December 7)

A

in response to US cutting off trade from Japan, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor
–> US declared war

115
Q

D-Day

A
  • Normandy invasion planned by the “big three” (Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin)
  • agreed to divide defeated Germany into occupation zones
  • Stalin agreed to join war against Japan
116
Q

The Manhattan Project of 1942

A

research and development of the atomic bomb based in Los Alamos, New Mexico
–> infiltrated by Soviet Spies (Ethel and Julius Rosenberg)

117
Q

Increased government power during WWI

A
  • War Production Board allowed govt to oversee movilization of industries
  • rationed
  • sponsored scientific research – radar, sonar, and atomic bomb
  • Labor Disputes Act
  • Hollywood and propaganda films
118
Q

Labor Disputes Act of 1943

A

allowed government takeover of business if deemed necessary to national security = authority to settle labor disputes

119
Q

Selective Training Service Act of 1940

A

created the first peacetime draft in US history

120
Q

African Americans in WWII

A

served in the war, but in segregated units

121
Q

Women in WWII

A

popular image of Rosie the Riveter = working women

–> temporary

122
Q

Internment of Japanese Americans

A

fearful that the Japanese might serve as enemy agents within the US, the government imprisoned Asian Americans - desolate camps, lost their homes and possessions

123
Q

Schnek case of 1919

A

Court ruled that a citizen’s civil liberties can be curtailed and violated during a time of war

124
Q

Yalta peace conference

A

after WWII:

  • Stalin wanted “buffer zone” –> granted –> Iron Curtain
  • Agreed USSR wages war on Japan
  • Create the UN
125
Q

Potsdam

A

conference to decide how to implement Yalta agreements

–> no agreement, determined nuclear end to Japan war

126
Q

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

A

US nuclear bombs dropped on Japanese cities that forced them to surrender

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