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AP Psychology > Unit 9: Developmental Psychology > Flashcards

Unit 9: Developmental Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Zygote

A

a fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

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2
Q

Embryo

A

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

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3
Q

Fetus

A

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

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4
Q

Teratogens

A

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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5
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A

(FAS) physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a women’s heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include facial misproportions

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6
Q

Habituation

A

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes, and they look away sooner.

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7
Q

Maturation

A

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced experience (walking!)

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8
Q

Cognition

A

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

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9
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

Birth to age 2
Experiencing the world through sense and actions
Object permanence, stranger anxiety

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10
Q

Schema

A

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

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11
Q

Assimilation

A

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

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12
Q

Accomodation

A

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

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13
Q

Preoperational stage

A

in Piaget’s theory, the stage (age 2 to 6 or 7) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

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14
Q

Conservation

A

the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the form of objects

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15
Q

Egocentrism

A

in Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

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16
Q

Theory of mind

A

people’s ideas about their own and other’s mental states – about their feelings, perceptions, and the behaviors these might predict

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17
Q

Concrete operational stage

A

in Piaget’s theory, the state of cognitive development (age 6 to 11) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

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18
Q

Formal operational stage

A

in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (starts about at age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

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19
Q

Stranger anxiety

A

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

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20
Q

Attachment

A

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on seperation

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21
Q

Critical period

A

an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

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22
Q

Imprinting

A

the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

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23
Q

Temperament

A

a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity intensity

24
Q

Basic trust

A

according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

25
Self-concept
our understanding and evaluation of who we are. usually fully developed by age 12
26
Authoritarian
parents impose rules and expect obedience
27
Permissive
parents submit to their children's desires. They make few demands and use little punishment
28
Authoritative
parents are both demanding and responsive. They exert control by setting rules and enforcing them, but they also explain the reasons for the rules
29
Gender
the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female
30
X-chromosome
the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child.
31
Y-chromosome
the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.
32
Roles
a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
33
Gender roles
a set of expected behaviors for males or for females
34
Gender identity
our sense of being male or female
35
Gender typing
the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role
36
Social learning theory
the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
37
Genes
dictate our overall brain architecture
38
Embryo
receive differing nutrition and levels of exposure to toxins
39
Peer influence
are important for learning cooperation and inventing styles of interaction with others of the same age. Parents are important for education, discipline, responsibility, orderliness, charitableness
40
Adolescence
the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence
41
Puberty
the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
42
Primary sex characteristics
the body structures (ovaries, testes and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible
43
Secondary sex characteristics
nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality and body hair
44
Menarche
the first menstrual period
45
Develop reasoning power
during the early teen years, reasoning is often self-focused. Gradually most achieve the intellectual summit Piaget called formal operations, and become capable of abstract reasoning
46
Preconventional morality
Before age 9, most children's morality focuses on self-interest. They obey rules to either avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards.
47
Conventional morality
By early adolescence, morality focuses on caring for others and on upholding laws and social rules, simply because they are the laws and rules
48
Post conventional morality
With the abstract reasoning of formal operational thought, may reach a third moral level. Actions are judged "right" because they flow from people's rights or from self-defined basic ethical principles.
49
Identity
our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing an integrating various roles
50
Social identity
the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "who am I?" that comes from our group memberships.
51
Intimacy
in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood
52
Menopause
the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines
53
Cross-sectional study
a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another
54
Longitudinal study
research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long time
55
Crystalized intelligence
our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
56
Fluid intelligence
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood
57
Social clock
the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.

AP Psychology (14 decks)

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