Unit 5: States of Consciousness

Question 1

Conciousness

Answer 1

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

Question 2

Circadian rhythm

Answer 2

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (like body temp + wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle

Body temperature rises as morning approaches, reaches a peak, and then falls before we sleep

thinking and memory are sharpest in circadian peak

Question 3

Sleep stages

Answer 3

5 90-minute cycles

Question 4

Stage 1

Answer 4

you may experience hallucinations

Question 5

Stage 2

Answer 5

You relax more deeply, clearly asleep, but could be woken easily. Sleep talking occurs here.

Question 6

Stage 3

Answer 6

transition stage

Question 7

Stage 4

Answer 7

Deep sleep, where your brain emits deep waves (30 minutes)

Question 8

Stage 5

Answer 8

You go backward through the stages until you hit REM

Question 9

Rem

Answer 9

rapid eye movement sleep
where vivid dreams occur
also called paradoxical sleep because the muscles are relaxed except for minor twitches

Question 10

Sleep

Answer 10

periodic natural loss of consciousness (not coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation)

Question 11

Why we sleep

Answer 11

strengthens memory
increases concentration
boosts mood
moderates hunger
boosts immune system
reduces accidents

Question 12

Sleep deprivation

Answer 12

slows performance, impairs creativity, concentration and communication

Question 13

Insomnia

Answer 13

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

Question 14

Narcolepsy

Answer 14

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks, The sufferer may lapse directly into REM, often at inopportune times

Question 15

Sleep apnea

Answer 15

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

Question 16

Night terrors

Answer 16

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified, unlike a nightmare, it occurs in stage 4 (within 2-3 hours of falling asleep) and are seldom remembered

Question 17

REM dreams

Answer 17

a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind
- hallucinatory, discontinuous, incongruities
- tough to remember

Question 18

Manifest content

Answer 18

according to Freud, the remembered storyline of a dream

Question 19

Latent content

Answer 19

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream

Question 20

Dream theories

Answer 20

We dream to:
satisfy our wishes
file away memories
develop and preserve neural pathways
make sense of our neural static
reflect cognitive development
to keep the 90 minute cycle healthy

Question 21

Post hypnosis suggestion

Answer 21

a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized

Question 22

Social influence-hypnosis theory

Answer 22

our interpretations and attentional spotlight powerfully influence our ordinary perceptions

Question 23

Divided consciousness-hypnosis theory

Answer 23

a dissociation occurs - a split between different levels of consciousness (or awareness)

Question 24

Psychoactive drug

Answer 24

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods

Question 25

Tolerance

Answer 25

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect.

Question 26

Withdrawal

Answer 26

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug

Question 27

Physical dependence

Answer 27

a physiological need for a drug

Question 28

Psychological dependence

Answer 28

a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions

Question 29

Addiction

Answer 29

compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences

Question 30

Depressants

Answer 30

drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions
- disinhibition
- memory disruption
- reduce self awareness and control

Question 31

Barbiturates

Answer 31

drugs that depress the activity of the CNS, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement

Question 32

Opiates

Answer 32

opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

Question 33

Stimulants

Answer 33

drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up bodily functions

Question 34

Amphetamines

Answer 34

drugs that stimulate neural activity causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

Question 35

Methamphetamines

Answer 35

a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the CNS (speeds up body functions, changes energy levels and mood)

Question 36

Caffeine

Answer 36

the world’s most widely consumed psychoactive drug

Question 37

Cocaine

Answer 37

a powerfully addictive stimulant drug made from the leaves of the coca plant native to South America

Question 38

Ecstasy

Answer 38

a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen which produces euphoria and social intimacy

Question 39

Hallucinogens

Answer 39

psychedelic drugs (like LSD) that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

Question 40

LSD

Answer 40

powerful hallucinogen drug (also known as acid)

Question 41

Marijuana

Answer 41

leaves and flowers of the hemp plant containing THC

Question 42

Near death experience

Answer 42

an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death, similar to drug hallucinations

Question 43

Biological influences of drug use

Answer 43

genes, stage of development, and even gender or ethnicity

Question 44

Psychological and social-cultural influences of drug use

Answer 44

peers (peer pressure)
culture
coping with problems