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AP Psychology > Unit 7: Cognition > Flashcards

Unit 7: Cognition Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory

A

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

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2
Q

Information processing

A

we must first get information into our brain (encoding), then we must retain information (storage), and then later, get it back out (retrieval).

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3
Q

Atkinson and Shiffrin

A

proposed that we form memory in three stages

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4
Q

Sensory memory

A

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

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5
Q

Short term memory

A

activated memory that holds a few items briefly

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6
Q

Long term memory

A

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. It includes knowledge, skills and experiences.

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7
Q

Working memory

A

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information and of information retrieved from long term memory

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8
Q

Parallel processing

A

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously

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9
Q

Automatic processing

A

unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space, time, and frequency of events

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10
Q

Effortful processing

A

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

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11
Q

Rehearsal

A

the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage

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12
Q

Spacing effect

A

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

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13
Q

Serial position effect

A

our tendency to recall best, the last and first items in a list

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14
Q

Visual encoding

A

the encoding of picture images

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15
Q

Acoustic encoding

A

the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words

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16
Q

Semantic encoding

A

the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words

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17
Q

Imaging

A

(imagery). : mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.

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18
Q

Mnemonics

A

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

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19
Q

Groupings

A

information being encoded is organized into chunks

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20
Q

Hierarchies

A

At advanced levels, information being encoded is organized into hierarchies – where concepts are divided and subdivided

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21
Q

Iconic memory

A

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no longer than a few tenths of a second

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22
Q

Echoic memory

A

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

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23
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

an increase in synapses firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

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24
Q

Stress hormones

A

add a biological factor to the brain and memories

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25
Q

Amnesia

A

the loss of memory

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26
Q

Implicit memory

A

(like riding a bike)
retention independent of conscious recollection. Also called nondeclarative or procedural memory

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27
Q

Explicit memory

A

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare.” Also called declarative memory

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28
Q

Hippocampus

A

a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage

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29
Q

Cerebellum

A

plays a big role in forming and storing implicit memories

30
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

31
Q

Recall

A

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill in the blank test

32
Q

Recognition

A

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

33
Q

Relearning

A

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time

34
Q

Priming

A

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

35
Q

Deja vu

A

that eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

36
Q

Mood-congruent memory

A

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood

37
Q

Absent-mindedness

A

inattention to detail leads to encoding failure. Much of what we sense, we never notice or encode. Age can also affect encoding.

38
Q

Transcience

A

storage decays over time, quickly at first, then it levels off

39
Q

Proactive interference

A

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

40
Q

Retroactive interference

A

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

41
Q

Motivated forgetting/repression

A

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from conscious anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings and memories

42
Q

Distortion

A
  • misattribution
  • suggestibility
  • bias
43
Q

Intrusion

A

it is easy to forget neutral events, but not emotional ones. Thus we may have intrusive memories of the ones we most want to forget.

44
Q

Misinformation effect

A

incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event

45
Q

Source amnesia

A

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced

46
Q

Cognition

A

the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

47
Q

Concepts

A

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

48
Q

Prototypes

A

a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories

49
Q

Algorithms

A

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

50
Q

Heuristic

A

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently. speedy but error-prone

51
Q

Insight

A

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions

52
Q

Creativity

A

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

53
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

54
Q

Fixation

A

the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set

55
Q

Mental set

A

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

56
Q

Funcntional fixedness

A

the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving

57
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information

58
Q

Availability heuristic

A

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common

59
Q

Overconfidence

A

the tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements

60
Q

Belief perseverance

A

clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

61
Q

Language

A

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

62
Q

Phoneme

A

in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

63
Q

Morpheme

A

in language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

64
Q

Semantics

A

the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning

65
Q

Syntax

A

the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

66
Q

Babbling stage

A

begins about 4 months and is the start of speech development

67
Q

Productive language

A

the ability to produce words

68
Q

One-word stage

A

the stage in speech development from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words

69
Q

Two-word stage

A

beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two word statements

70
Q

Telegraphic speech

A

early speech stage in which a child speaks using mostly nouns and verbs

71
Q

Linguistic determinism

A

Benjamin Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think

AP Psychology (14 decks)

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