Unit 1: Psychology’s History and Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

Buddha

A

pondered how sensations and perceptions combine to form ideas

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2
Q

Confucius

A

stressed the power of ideas and of an educated mind

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3
Q

Hebrew scholars

A

anticipated today’s psychology by linking mind and emotion to the body

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4
Q

Socrates

A

concluded that the mind is separable from body and continues after the body dies. Knowledge is innate - born within us

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5
Q

Plato

A

a student of Socrates
they derived principles by logic

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6
Q

Aristotle

A

a student of Plato; had a love of data and derived principles from careful observations. He said knowledge is not preexisting; it grows from the experiences stored in our memory
.

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7
Q

Renes Descartes

A

agreed with Socrates and Plato. He concluded that the fluid in the brain cavities contained animal spirits and flowed (nerves) to muscles provoking movement. Memories formed as experiences opened pores in the brain into which animal spirits flowed.

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8
Q

Francis Bacon

A

focused on experiment, experience and common sense judgement. He became one of the founders of modern science. He believed that human understanding looks for order and equality (Novum Organum). He saw that we observe events which are fulfilled, but neglect and pass over their failure.

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9
Q

John Locke

A

famously argued that the mind at birth is a blank slate (tabula rasa) on which experience write.

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10
Q

Empiricism

A

the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore rely on observation and experimentation

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11
Q

WIlhelm Wundt’s experiment

A

a machine measured the time lag between people’s hearing a ball hit a platform and their pressing a telegraph key.

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12
Q

Structuralism

A

an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind

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13
Q

Functionalism

A

a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioural processes function - how they enable us to adopt, survive, flourish

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14
Q

Behaviourism

A

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most current researchers agree with (1) but not (2)

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15
Q

Edward Titchener

A

one of WIlhelm Wundt’s students who engaged people in introspection

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16
Q

Introspection

A

engaging people in self reflection and training them to report elements of their experience as they look, listen, smell, taste, Images? Feelings? Relations?

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17
Q

WIlliam James

A

a philosopher and functionalist who studied the evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings. He encouraged down to earth emotions, memories, will power, habits, and moment-to-moment streams of consciousness.

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18
Q

Charles Darwin’s influence

A

thinking like smelling developed because it was adaptive - it contributed to our ancestors’ survival.

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19
Q

Mary Calkins

A

tutored by William James. She outscored all male students on a qualifying exam. Also became the first female president of the American Psychological Association in 1905.

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20
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

a Russian Psychologist who pioneered the study of learning

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21
Q

SIgmund Freud

A

an Austrian physician who developed the influential psychoanalytic theory of personality

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22
Q

Jean Piaget

A

a Swiss biologist who was last century’s most influential observer of children

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23
Q

John B. Watson

A

an American who championed Psychology as the science of behavior and demonstrated conditional responses in a baby who became famous as “Little Albert”.

24
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

also an American who rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior.

25
Q

Experimental Psychology

A

the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method.

26
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A

a historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual’s potential for personal growth.

27
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience

A

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

28
Q

Behavior

A

anything an organism does - any action we can observe and record

29
Q

Mental process

A

the internal, subjective experiences we infer from behavior- sensations, perceptions, dreams, thoughts, beliefs, and feelings

30
Q

Nature vs. Nurture

A

One of the biggest debates throughout history

31
Q

Nature

A

genes. are the cause of the human traits we have. we are born with them

32
Q

Nurture

A

experience. gives us our traits.

33
Q

Natural Selection

A

the principle that among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.

34
Q

Psychology’s three main levels of analysis

A

biological, psychological and social-cultural influences

35
Q

Biological influences

A

natural selection of adaptive traits
genetic predispositions responding to environment
brain mechanisms
hormonal influences

36
Q

Psychological influences

A

learned fears and other learned expectations
emotional responses
cognitive processing and perceptual interpretations

37
Q

Social-cultural influences

A

presence of others
cultural, societal and family expectations
peer and other group influences
compelling models (such as the media)

38
Q

Biological Psychology

A

a branch of psychology that studies the links between biological (including neuroscience and behavior genetics) and psychological processes

39
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

the study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection

40
Q

Psychodynamic Psychology

A

a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influences behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders

41
Q

Behavioural Psychology

A

the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning

42
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

43
Q

Humanistic perspective

A

how we meet our needs for love and acceptance and achieve self-fulfillment

44
Q

Social-cultural Psychology

A

the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking

45
Q

Psychometrics

A

the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes and traits

46
Q

Basic Research

A

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

47
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

the scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

48
Q

Educational Psychology

A

the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning

49
Q

Personality Psychology

A

the study of an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting

50
Q

Social Psychology

A

the scientific study of how we think about, influence and relate to eachother

51
Q

Applied Research

A

scientific study that aims to solve problems

52
Q

Industrial-organizational Psychology (I/O)

A

the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

53
Q

Human factors Psychology

A

the study of how people and machines interact and the design of safe and easily used machines environments

54
Q

Counselling pyshcology

A

a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work or marriage) and in achieving greater well being.

55
Q

Clinical Psychology

A

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses and treats people with psychological disorders

56
Q

Psychiatry

A

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders, practiced by physicians who often provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy

57
Q

SQ3R

A

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