Unit 8: Motivation and Emotion Flashcards
Motivation
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
Instinct
a complex behaviour that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
Drive-reduction theory
the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
Homeostasis
a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry; such as blood glucose, around a particular level
Incentive
a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behaviour
Maslows hierarchy of needs
Begins at the base of physiological needs before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active
Glucose
the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When it is low, we feel hunger.
Insulin
a hormone secreted by the pancreas; it controls blood glucose
Lateral hypothalamus
the sides of the hypothalamus that bring on hunger
Ventromedial hypothalamus
the lower-mid hypothalamus that depressed hunger
Ghrelin hormone
secreted by an empty stomach; sends “I’m hungry” to the brain
Obestatin hormone
secreted by stomach; tells brain “I’m full”
Leptin hormone
secreted by fat cells, when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger
Set point
the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lower metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.
Basal metabolic weight
the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure
Anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder in which a person diets and becomes significantly (15% or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve
Bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually high calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive excercise
Binge eating disorder
significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa
Fat cells
30 to 40 billion
Can swell to 3 times their size
Can increase in number, but never decrease in number
Fat
Has a low metabolic rate
Sexual response cycle
the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson — excitement, plateau, orgasm and resolution
Refractory period
a resting period after orgasm, during which a man can not achieve another orgasm
Estrogen
sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female characteristics.
Testosterone
the most important of the make sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in makes stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.
Sexual orientation
an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)
Social bonds
boosted our ancestors survival rate
Emotion
a response of the whole organism involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviours, and conscious experience
James-Lange theory
the theory that the experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
Cannon-Bard Theory
the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses, and the subjective experience of emotion
Two-factor theory
the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal
Physiological
controlled by the autonomic nervous system
Polygraphs
a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes)
Facial feedback
the effect of facial expressions on experienced emotions, as when a facial expression of anger or happiness intensifies feelings of anger or happiness
Catharsis
emotional release. The catharsis hypothesis maintains that “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.
Feel good-do good phenomenon
people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
Well-being
self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life
Adaptation-level phenomenon
our tendency to form judgements (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience
Relative deprivation
the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves
Behavioral medicine
an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease
Health psychology
a subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine
Stress
the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
Flight or fight
when under stress, the sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate and respiration, diverts blood from digestion to the muscles, dulls pains, releases sugar and fat from the body’s store, to prep for fight or flight.
Han’s Selye’s 3 phases of stress
Phase 1 - Alarm reaction - mobilize resources
Phase 2 - Resistance - cope with stressor
Phase 3 - Exhaustion - reserves depleted
General adaptive syndrome
Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases
Coronary heart disease
the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in North America
Type A
a Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive and anger-prone people
Type B
A Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people
Pessimists
almost twice as likely to develop coronary heart disease
Psychophysiological illness
literally “mind-body” illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches
Psychoneuroimmunology
the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health
Lymphocytes
the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system
B lymphocytes
form in bone marrow and release antibodies to fight bacterial infections
T lymphocytes
form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses and other foreign substances
