Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

histology > unit 9 > Flashcards

unit 9 Flashcards

1
Q

what kinds of cells make up cardiac muscle? what is their function?

A

cardiomyocytes
contraction for propelling blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the fibrous skeleton

A

4 fibrous rings of valve orifices, 2 fibrous trigones, membranous CT portion of heart septa that acts as an electrical insulator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does the fibrous skeleton do?

A

ensures blood movement is as efficient as possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what cells make up the cardiac conducting system? what do they do?

A

modified cardiomyocytes
imitate and propagate myocardial depolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the function of intercalated discs?

A

increases SA between adjacent cells for communication
ensures cells don’t pull apart due to anchoring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the transverse component of intercalated discs?

A

fascia adherens and maculae adherens
bind cytoskeletal components of adjacent cells to ensure they stay together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the lateral component of intercalated discs?

A

gap junctions and maculae adherens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what do fascia adherens do?

A

couple actin cytoskeleton to plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what do macula adherens do?

A

couples intermediate cytoskeleton filaments to plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what do gap junctions do?

A

communication conduit for adjacent cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

steps for cardiac muscle excitation and contraction

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the layers of the heart wall from external to internal?

A

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

parts of the epicardium and what they contain

A

visceral layer of serous pericardium (mesothelium - simple squamous cells)
sub epithelial layer (loose CT and adipose) - contains coronary vessels/nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is myocardium composed of? what does it due?

A

cardiomyocytes arranged in complex spiral
results in efficient chamber emptying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

myocardium facts

A

thinner in atria compared to ventricles
thinner in RV compared to LV
thickest of the 3 layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

endocardium layers and what it contains

A

subendocardial layer (contains heart conduction system, continuous with CT of myocardium)
sub endothelial layer (dense CT)
endothelium (simple squamous cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what do valvular interstitial cells do?

A

maintain baseline levels of ECM ground substance and protein fiber
(have an endothelial origin so they resemble fibroblasts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

atrioventricular valve layers

A

atrialis (atrial side)
spongiosa
fibrosa
ventricularis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is atrialis layer?

A

endothelium and dense CT deep to this
continuation of the atrial endocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is spongiosa? what does it do?

A

loose CT, prominent at leaflet edge
seals gaps where leaflets meet and absorbs shock of valve vibration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is fibrosa?

A

dense CT that is largely collagen
fibrosa is an extension from annulus fibrosus

in AV valves, collagen of chordae tendineae interfaces w/ dense CT collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is ventricularis

A

endothelium and dense CT
minimal contribution from ventricular endocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

semilunar valve layers

A

ventricularis
spongiosa
fibrosa
arterialis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is arterialis

A

endothelium and loose CT
continuation, minimal contribution, from tunica intima

25
Q

what make up SA and AV nodes?

A

pacemaker and transitional cells (are supportive cells)

26
Q

pacemaker and transitional cell characteristics

A

smaller than atrial cardiomyocytes, limited myofibrils and lack intercalated discs
still contain gap junctions!

27
Q

AV bundle characteristics

A

smaller proximally, enlarge distally

28
Q

purkinje cell characteristics

A

larger than cardiomyocytes
limited myofibrils and intercalated discs

29
Q

what is valvular heart disease?

A

degeneration of heart valves
transition of activated valvular interstitial cells to myofibroblast-like cells
leads to disruption of ground substance levels and protein fibers –> stenosis and regurgitation

30
Q

what is a myocardial infarction?

A

cardiac ischemia of oxygen starved tissue
potentially leads to –> replacement of cardiomyocytes with dense CT and deficiency in conduction, contraction, chamber emptying

31
Q

what are the parts of the microvascular bed?

A

arterioles
blood capillaries
lymphatic capillaries
venules

32
Q

what is vasculogenesis? what drives the process?

A

formation of primitive blood vessel networks, “blood islands,” and primary capillary plexus
VEGF/R (vascular endothelial growth factor/receptor) family

33
Q

when does adult vasculogenesis occur?

A

wound healing and neoplasm

34
Q

what is angiogenesis? what drives the process?

A

formation of branches from existing vessels
VEGF/R and angiopoietin-1/R

35
Q

what is vascular wall maturation?

A

completion of endothelial tunica (intima), muscular tunica (media), and CT tunica (adventitia)

36
Q

what drives vascular wall maturation?

A

angiopoietin-1/R (intima)
platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF/R) and myocardin/R (media)
fibroblast growth factor (FGF) (adventitia)

37
Q

what are the layers of the vascular wall from external to internal?

A

tunica adventitia
tunica media
tunica intima

38
Q

what is the most robust layer in veins?

A

tunica adventitia

39
Q

what is the most robust layer in arteries?

A

tunica media

40
Q

what is tunica intima made of

A

internal elastic membrane (interfaces with tunica media)
subendothelial CT
endothelium

41
Q

what is contained within tunica adventitia

A

collagen fibers, elastic fibers, nervi vasorum, vasa vasorum

42
Q

what are the functions of endothelium in blood vessels

A

maintain selective permeability (tight junctions)
maintain non-thrombogenic barrier (anticoagulants)
regulate immune response (lymphocyte interaction)
modulate blood flow (vasodilation and constriction)

43
Q

visceral (single-unit) smooth muscle

A

in walls of vasculature and hollow organs
only some cells receive direct neuronal input, gap junctions spread contraction signal to neighboring fibers

44
Q

multiunit smooth muscle

A

in large arteries, bronchioles, arrestor pilli muscle, iris of eye
each cell receives neuronal input and acts independently
few gap junctions

45
Q

smooth muscle excitation and contraction

A
46
Q

different artery sizes

A

large/elastic - convey blood to systemic and pulmonary circulations
medium/muscular - “named”
small/arterioles - 8-10 SM layers/1-2 SM layers

47
Q

different vein sizes

A

venules/small - 1-2 SM layers/2-3 SM layers
medium - “named”
large - receive blood from systemic and pulmonary circulations

48
Q

large elastic vessels

A
49
Q

medium muscular vessels

A
50
Q

small vessels/arterioles/venules

A
51
Q

what are capillaries? what are they made of?

A

vascular network that allows for fluid exchange of gases, metabolites, and waste products
single endothelial layer & basal lamina

52
Q

what are the types of capillary morphology?

A

continuous, fenestrated, discontinuous/sinusoidal

53
Q

which capillary type(s) has an uninterrupted endothelium?

A

continuous capillary

54
Q

which capillary type(s) has a continuous basal lamina?

A

continuous and fenestrated

55
Q

what promotes movement across the capillary vessel wall?

A

ratio of capillary volume to endothelial cell surface area and thickness

56
Q

what are lymphatic capillaries similar to morphologically?

A

fenestrated capillaries

57
Q

what are lymphatic vessels similar to morphologically?

A

small vein with less distinct layering

58
Q

what are lymphatic ducts similar to morphologically?

A

medium vein with less distinct layering

59
Q

what is atherosclerosis?

A

lesions primarily developing in the tunica intima leading to endothelial dysfunction
macrophages become foam cells
formation of a fatty LDL streak leads to fibrofatty plaque formation

histology (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions