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histology > unit 6 > Flashcards

unit 6 Flashcards

1
Q

hematopoiesis

A

the process of producing blood cells, including formation, development and differentiation

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2
Q

plasma

A

liquid matrix consisting of proteins and other regulatory molecules

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3
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells, hemoglobin and no nucleus

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4
Q

thrombocytes

A

formed elements involved in coagulation

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5
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells, involved in host defense including innate and adaptive immunity

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6
Q

what are granulocytes

A

leukocytes with specific cytoplasmic granules

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7
Q

mononuclear cells

A

agranular lymphocytes and monocytes involved in immune effector, helper and accessory functions

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8
Q

steps in hematopoiesis

A

stem cells -> progenitor cells -> precursor cells -> differentiated, functional cells types

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9
Q

hematopoietic stem cells

A

self-renew and regenerate every cell type in the hematopoietic system
capable of reconstituting the entire bone marrow

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10
Q

what cell markers can be used to identify hematopoietic stem cells?

A

CD34, CD90

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11
Q

hematopoietic progenitor cells

A

more restricted in differential potential than HSC

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12
Q

how are progenitors with different potential to form specific mature cells types defined?

A

function, cell surface markers, response to specific growth factors/cytokines

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13
Q

what are the five sites of blood production?

A

yolk sac
aorta-gonad-mesonephros
fetal liver
spleen
bone marrow

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14
Q

where does the first phase of hematopoiesis begin?

A

in the yolk sac in third week of gestation
characterized by formation of blood island in wall of yolk sac

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15
Q

what compartments does bone marrow include?

A

vascular and hematopoietic

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16
Q

what is the GATA2 transcription factor for?

A

HSC formation and function

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17
Q

what is the GATA1 transcription factor for?

A

erythropoiesis

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18
Q

what is the Pu.1 transcription factor for?

A

to commit cells to myeloid lineages

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19
Q

what are some extrinsic regulatory factors?

A

aka growth factors
produced in stromal cells to stimulate HSC survival

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20
Q

what is aplastic anemia?

A

there is not enough cell production for hematopoiesis
hypocellularity

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21
Q

what is myeloid leukemia?

A

packed, hypercellular marrow

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22
Q

what is the hematopoietic niche?

A

a specialized microenvironment consisting of stromal cells that produce supportive cytokines such as SCF and local microvasculature

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23
Q

what does the hematopoietic niche support?

A

hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells

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24
Q

what keeps cells in the undifferentiated state?

A

high levels of stem cell factor

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25
Q

what is colony formation used for?

A

evaluation of stem/progenitor cell potential and frequencies in bone marrow and peripheral blood

26
Q

what does the updated model of hematopoiesis suggest?

A

there is a continuum of differentiated states rather than discreet populations of progenitors with fixed linage potential

27
Q

what are the functions of blood?

A

transport O, CO2, nutrients, hormones, heat, waste
regulate fluid homeostasis, pH, body temp, water content
protects against infections and excessive loss by clotting

28
Q

what are some of the proteins in plasma

A

albumin, globulins, fibronogen

29
Q

what does albumin do?

A

maintains proper concentration gradients between blood and extracellular tissue fluid

30
Q

what do globulins do?

A

secreted by plasma cells and are involved in the humoral response

31
Q

what does fibrinogen do?

A

participates in coagulation
is produced in the liver

32
Q

what is serum

A

plasma minus fibrinogen and some clotting factors
lacks coagulation factors

33
Q

what stain is used for blood smear preparation?

A

Wright Giemsa

34
Q

normal blood cell percentages

A
35
Q

red blood cell development

A

common myeloid progenitor to megakaryocytic-erythrocyte progenitor to pro erythroblast
then basophilic, polychromatic, orthochromatic, reticulocyte

36
Q

what are changes observed as RBCs develop?

A

cytoplasm staining goes from blue to pink
cells get smaller
cell nuclei get smaller
heterochromatin condenses
RNA content decreases

37
Q

what is the major function of RBCs?

A

transport oxygen from pulmonary capillaries to tissues

38
Q

what allows for the deformability of RBCs?

A

ankyrin, spectrin, band 3, band 4.1

39
Q

what are some of the extrinsic regulators of RBC production?

A

hormones (erythropoietin), interleukin-3 and interleukin-4, necessary nutrients

40
Q

what are intrinsic regulators of RBC production?

A

transcription factor GATA1

41
Q

what is the structure of hemoglobin?

A

2 alpha globin and 2 beta globin chains with 4 heme groups

42
Q

thrombopoiesis (platelet formation)

A

bipotent progenitor cell
megakaryocyte-committed progenitor
megakaryoblasts

43
Q

what does thrombopoietin cause?

A

stimulation for DNA to replicate without cell division in megakaryocytes, increasing from 8n to 64n (endomitosis)

44
Q

what is the platelet producing machine

A

megakaryocyte

45
Q

what is the main function of the platelet?

A

hemostasis/coagulation

46
Q

what do granulocytes originate from?

A

multipotent progenitors, common myeloid progenitor, granulocyte-monocyte progenitor

47
Q

what are the 6 morphologically identifiable stages involved in neutrophil maturation

A

myeloblast
pro-myelocyte
myelocyte
metamyelocyte
band cell
mature neutrophil

48
Q

mitotic phase of granulopoiesis

A

lasts 1 week and proliferation stops after reaching myelocyte stage

49
Q

post-mitotic phase of granulopoiesis

A

involves specific granule formation in bone marrow, lasts about 1 week

50
Q

what are basophils formed from?

A

from a common basophil-mast cell progenitor (tissue resident granulocyte)

51
Q

what triggers development toward basophil?

A

CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (CEBPalpha)

52
Q

what triggers development toward eosinophils?

A

IL-3 and IL-5

53
Q

what is granulocyte function in phagocytosis?

A

neutralizing invading bacteria

54
Q

how are monocytes produced?

A

in bone marrow from multipotent common myeloid progenitors

55
Q

what are the distinct stages of monocyte differentiation

A

promonoblast
monoblast
promonocyte
monocyte

56
Q

what controls extrinsic regulation of monopoiesis?

A

IL-3

57
Q

what regulates monopoiesis intrinsically?

A

Pu.1 and Egr1 transcription factors

58
Q

what does the final stage of maturation for monocytes require?

A

GM-CSF and M-CSF
differentiate into tissue macrophages

59
Q

what transcription factor is needed for T lymphocytes?

A

GATA3

60
Q

what is intrinsic factor leads to B lymphocytes?

A

Pax5

61
Q

what is NK cell differentiation dependent on?

A

IL-2 and IL-15

histology (15 decks)

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